NOTICE: The text below was created automatically and may contain errors and differences from the contract's original PDF file. Learn more here
Technical Report
AS-R-2013-09-10
Blackthorn Resources Limited:
Environmental Impact Statement:
Proposed Kitumba Copper Project, Mumbwa District, Central Province
Prepared for: Zambia Environmental Management Agency
February 2014
Document version 3.0 – Final Draft
Compiled by M Grobler
L Stolp
Technical report:
AS-R-2014-02-28
Prepared by
Technical report:
AS-R-2014-02-28
Blackthorn Resources Limited:
Environmental Impact Statement:
Proposed Kitumba Copper Project, Mumbwa
District, Central Province, Zambia
February 2014
Conducted on behalf of:
Blackthorn Resources Limited
Ian Hart
: +260 211 250 397
Zambia
Sydney – Head Office
: +260 211 250 291
7B Lagos Road, Rhodes Park
Level 5, Suite 502
: +260 971 257 416 Zambia
PO BOX 50005 Lusaka 15101
80 William Street
: +61 457 431 006 Australia
Zambia
Sydney NSW 2011 Australia
: i.hart@blackthornresources.com.au
Compiled by:
M Grobler (BSc Hons Conservation Ecology, Pri.Sci.Nat)
L Stolp (BSc (LArch) BSc Hons Environmental Management)
GAUTENG PROVINCE: Block E, The Village Office Block, 309 Glenwood Road (Cnr. Glenwood & Oberon
Avenues) Faerie Glen 0081, Pretoria, Postnet No 74, Private Bag X07, Arcadia, 0007
Tel: +27 12 751 2160, Fax: +27 86 607 2406, www.ages-group.com
AGES (Pty)Ltd Offices: Eastern Cape Gauteng Limpopo Namibia North West KwaZulu-Natal Western Cape Zimbabwe
AGES Board of Directors: SJ Pretorius JA Myburgh JJP Vivier JH Botha THG Ngoepe
R Crosby JC Vivier FN de Jager AS Potgieter DP van der Westhuijzen Z Pemba L van Zyl-Smit
AGES Gauteng Directors: JJP Vivier JC Vivier E van Zyl M Grobler
R Crosby JC Vivier FN de Jager AS Potgieter DP van der Westhuijzen Z Pemba L van Zyl-Smit
REPORT DISTRIBUTION LIST
Institution
Name
Ian Hart
Blackthorn Resources Limited
James Mwale
Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA)
Interested and Affected Parties and Commenting Authorities – ZEMA to distribute
DOCUMENT HISTORY
Report no
Date
Version
Status
AS-R-2013-09-10
September 2013 1.0
Draft
AS-R-2013-09-10
December 2013
2.0
Updated Draft
AS-R-2014-02-28
February 2014
3.0
Final Draft
AGES Gauteng
-i-
AGES Gauteng - Africa Geo-Environmental Services Gauteng (Pty) Ltd - exercises due care and
diligence in rendering services and preparing documents, Africa Geo-Environmental Services
Gauteng (Pty) Ltd accepts no liability, and the client, by receiving this document, indemnifies
AGES Gauteng (Pty) Ltd and its directors, managers, agents and employees against all actions,
claims, demands, losses, liabilities, costs, damages and expenses arising from or in connection
with services rendered, directly or indirectly by Africa Geo-Environmental Services Gauteng (Pty)
Ltd and by the use of the information contained in this document.
This document contains confidential and proprietary information of Africa Geo-Environmental
Services Gauteng (Pty) Ltd and is protected by copyright in favour of Africa Geo-Environmental
Services Gauteng (Pty) Ltd and may not be reproduced, or used without the written consent of
Africa Geo-Environmental Services Gauteng (Pty) Ltd, which has been obtained beforehand.
This document is prepared exclusively for Blackthorn Resources Limited and The Zambia
Environmental Management Agency and is subject to all confidentiality, copyright and trade
secrets, rules, intellectual property law and practices of South Africa.
AGES Gauteng
-ii-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
List of Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols
Abbreviation
Description
%
Per cent
Ag
Silver
AGES
Africa Geo-Environmental Services Gauteng (Pty) Ltd
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
AMD
Acid Mine Drainage
ART
Antiretroviral Treatment
Au
Gold
BTR
Blackthorn Resources Limited
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Co
Cobalt
CPI
Consumer Price Index
CSI
Corporate Social Investment
Cu
Copper
CWSP
Clean water storage pond
DEAT
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (South Africa)
DFS
Definitive Feasibility Study
DWSP
Dirty water storage pond
ECZ
Environmental Council of Zambia
EIA or EIS
Environmental Impact Assessment or Environmental Impact Study
EMA
Environmental Management Act
EMP
Environmental Management Plan
EPB
Environmental Project Brief
FEL
Front-End Loader
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
GMAs
Game Management Areas
Ha
Hectares
HAC
Hazardous Area Classification
HGM
HIV
Hydro-Geomorphic
Human immunodeficiency virus
I&AP
Interested and Affected Party
IFC
International Finance Corporation
IOCG
iron-oxide copper-gold
IUCN
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Km
Kilometres
KNP
Kafue National Park
KNRT
Kaindu Natural Resource Trust
KPCC
Kaindu Project Coordinating Committee
ℓ/s
Litres per second
LoM
Life of Mine
m/s
Metres per second
MAE
Mean annual evaporation
mamsl
Meters above mean sea level
AGES Gauteng
-iii-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
MAP
Mean Annual Precipitation
MAR
Mean Annual Runoff
mbgl
meters below ground level (i.e. depth)
MFZ
Mumbwa Fault Zone
mm
Millimetres
MMDA
The Mines and Minerals Development Act of 2008
MSD
Mines Safety Department
Mtpa
mega tons per annum
NHCC
National Heritage and conservation Commission
ºC
Degrees Celsius
Pb
Lead
PFS
pre-feasibility study
PMTCT
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission
RDA
Roads Development Agency
RDL
Red-Data List
RRU
Rural Roads Unit
SLC
Sub-Level Caving
SLP
Social and Labour Plan
ToR
Terms of Reference
TSF
Tailings storage facility
U
Uranium
VCT
Voluntary Counselling and Testing
WM
With Mitigation
WOM
Without Mitigation
WRD
Waste Rock Dump
WRMA
Water Resources Management Act of Zambia (Act No. 21 of 2011)
WUA
Water User Association
ZAF
Zambian Air Force
ZAWA
Zambian Wildlife Authority
ZEMA
Zambia Environmental Management Agency
Zn
Zinc
AGES Gauteng
-iv-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Table of Contents
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................... IX
1.1
1.2
2
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY (KAONDE) (TRANSLATION PROVIDED BY MR CHOLOBESA) .. XII
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY (ENGLISH) ......................................................................... XV
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
2.1
2.2
2.3
PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT ........................................................................................ 1
FORMAT OF THIS REPORT ............................................................................................... 2
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT PROPONENT ................................................................. 4
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.4
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT............................................................................. 6
2.4.1
3
Prospecting Phase ............................................................................................................ 6
RELEVANT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ....................................................... 9
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4
Information on shareholders and shareholding percentage .............................................. 4
Previous Experience of Enterprise elsewhere ................................................................... 6
Project cost / investment and implementation date ........................................................... 6
POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR EIA IN ZAMBIA...................................................... 9
ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORIZATION FOR MINING IN ZAMBIA ............................................... 9
W ATER USE AUTHORIZATION ....................................................................................... 10
OTHER RELEVANT REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ......................................................... 11
INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS................................ 12
SUMMARY..................................................................................................................... 13
DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION .............................................................. 15
4.1
4.2
4.3
LAND TENURE AND LOCATION ....................................................................................... 15
PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND MOTIVATION ........................................................................ 16
MAIN SITE ACTIVITIES AND PROCESSES, MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT PHASES ................................................................................ 18
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.4
5
Site establishment Construction Phase ........................................................................... 18
Operational Phase ........................................................................................................... 21
Closure Phase ................................................................................................................. 29
The storage and Management of Chemicals, explosives and hazardous wastes ........... 30
PROJECT WATER BALANCE ........................................................................................... 32
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDY ............................................................ 34
5.1
CLIMATE ....................................................................................................................... 35
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
AIR QUALITY................................................................................................................. 37
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.3
5.4
5.5
Wind ................................................................................................................................ 37
Air temperature ................................................................................................................ 39
Relative humidity ............................................................................................................. 39
Precipitation and evaporation .......................................................................................... 40
Atmospheric Stability and Mixing Depth .......................................................................... 40
GROUNDWATER AND GEOLOGY .................................................................................... 40
SURFACE W ATER ......................................................................................................... 44
SOILS AND SOIL POTENTIAL .......................................................................................... 45
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.6
5.7
Regional Climatic Conditions ........................................................................................... 35
Climate of the project area .............................................................................................. 35
Shallow Lithosols / Arenosols associated with rocky ridges and outcrops ...................... 45
Medium depth gravelly / sandy Arenosols associated with foot-slopes / valleys ............ 45
Arenosols: Red-yellow apedal soils associated with slightly undulating plains ............... 46
Planosols associated with moist grasslands on ferricrete bedrock ................................. 46
Fluvisols associated with ravines in mountainous areas ................................................. 47
TOPOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 50
LAND USE AND LAND TENURE ...................................................................................... 52
AGES Gauteng
-v-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.7.4
5.7.5
5.7.6
5.7.7
5.8
Environmental Impact Study
Residential areas ............................................................................................................. 52
Mining .............................................................................................................................. 52
Conservation and Tourism .............................................................................................. 54
Agriculture ....................................................................................................................... 55
The Mumbwa Prison Farm .............................................................................................. 55
The Zambia Air Force (ZAF)............................................................................................ 56
Infrastructure ................................................................................................................... 56
LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL RESOURCE ............................................................................ 56
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.3
5.8.4
Landscape character and visual resource (scenic quality).............................................. 56
Landscape Quality ........................................................................................................... 56
Sense of Place ................................................................................................................ 57
Viewer sensitivity ............................................................................................................. 57
5.9 NOISE AND VIBRATION .................................................................................................. 60
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY (FLORA AND FAUNA) .................................................... 61
5.10
5.10.1
5.10.2
5.10.3
5.10.4
5.10.5
5.10.6
5.11
5.12
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT (HERITAGE RESOURCES) .............. 76
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..................................................... 78
5.12.1
5.12.2
5.12.3
5.12.4
5.12.5
5.12.6
6
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION............................................ 86
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Interested and Affected Parties ....................................................................................... 86
Summary of Consultation / Issues Discussed ................................................................. 87
IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY (AFTER PLOMP, 2004) ....................................... 89
IMPACT ASSESSMENT STRUCTURE ............................................................................... 90
IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................... 91
SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS................................................................................................... 91
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ALL IDENTIFIED IMPACTS ......................... 107
7.1
7.2
7.3
8
Culture and community power structures ........................................................................ 78
Population, age, language, religion, education and family life ......................................... 79
HIV/AIDS infection rate and preventative measures in the project area ......................... 81
Industry ............................................................................................................................ 82
Service Infrastructure ...................................................................................................... 83
Transport and Traffic ....................................................................................................... 84
IMPACTS ........................................................................................................... 86
6.1
7
Vegetation types of the study area .................................................................................. 63
Wetlands of the study area .............................................................................................. 69
Fauna .............................................................................................................................. 71
Protected Species ........................................................................................................... 73
Invasive alien species...................................................................................................... 74
Summary of Ecological Sensitivity ................................................................................... 74
SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THAT REMAIN SIGNIFICANT AFTER MITIGATION 107
SIGNIFICANT SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS THAT REMAIN SIGNIFICANT AFTER MITIGATION
107
SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC IMPACTS THAT REMAIN SIGNIFICANT AFTER MITIGATION ......... 107
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................ 130
8.1
OPPORTUNITIES AND BENEFITS .................................................................................. 130
8.1.2
8.2
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.4
8.5
Socio-economic benefits and investment: ..................................................................... 132
PROCESS / MINING METHOD ALTERNATIVES ............................................................... 136
LAYOUT ALTERNATIVES .............................................................................................. 139
Main Site Infrastructure ................................................................................................. 139
Tailings Dam Facility Alternatives .................................................................................. 140
Waste Dump Location ................................................................................................... 144
Water Storage Facility Options ...................................................................................... 144
ROUTE ALTERNATIVES................................................................................................ 146
SERVICES ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................................... 147
8.5.1
Water Supply Options.................................................................................................... 147
AGES Gauteng
-vi-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.5.4
Power supply options .................................................................................................... 150
Waste management options .......................................................................................... 150
Employee housing options ............................................................................................ 151
SCHEDULING ALTERNATIVES ...................................................................................... 152
THE NO-GO ALTERNATIVE .......................................................................................... 152
8.6
8.7
9
Environmental Impact Study
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................... 153
10
DECOMMISSIONING AND REHABILITATION ............................................ 173
10.1
10.2
10.3
11
CLOSURE PLAN OBJECTIVES .................................................................................... 173
CLOSURE ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................... 174
FINANCIAL PROVISION ............................................................................................. 176
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 177
11.1
11.2
REGULATORY SUMMARY AND WAY FORWARD .......................................................... 177
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 178
12
APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 179
13
REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 180
List of Figures
Figure 1: Regional Locality of the Prospecting License Area and Project Area ...................................... 8
Figure 2: The project site surroundings................................................................................................. 17
Figure 3: Proposed site layout ............................................................................................................... 19
Figure 4: Existing exploration camp ...................................................................................................... 20
Figure 5: Proposed on-site accommodation ......................................................................................... 20
Figure 6: Process flow diagram ............................................................................................................. 28
Figure 7: Project water balance chart.................................................................................................... 33
Figure 8: Average Temperatures, Mumbwa (adapted from http://www.climatecharts.com/Locations/z/ZA67655MUMBW0010.php) ........................................................................... 36
Figure 9: Average and absolute maximum and minimum temperatures for the Mumbwa area
(http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Zambia/Mumbwa/climate-profile.aspx) ................................. 36
Figure 10: Period Wind Rose for the project site (2010-2012).............................................................. 38
Figure 11: Daytime and Night time Wind Rose for the project site (2010-2012)................................... 38
Figure 12: Seasonal Wind Rose for the project site (2010-2012) ......................................................... 38
Figure 13: Diurnal variability of mean, maximum and minimum temperature (2010-2012) .................. 39
Figure 14: Monthly and diurnal humidity variations (2010-2012)........................................................... 39
Figure 15: Geology of Zambia ............................................................................................................... 42
Figure 16: Sites recorded during the Hydro-census .............................................................................. 43
Figure 17: Soil types of the Site (Henning B. J., May 2013) .................................................................. 48
Figure 18: Soil potential of the Site (Henning B. J., May 2013) ............................................................. 49
Figure 19: Soil Risk / Impacts (Henning B. J., May 2013) ..................................................................... 49
Figure 20: East-West Elevation Profile (adapted from Google Earth Pro) ............................................ 50
Figure 21: North-West to South-East Elevation Profile (adapted from Google Earth Pro) ................... 50
Figure 22: Surface water drainage and topography .............................................................................. 51
Figure 23: Excavations and abandoned samples at an abandoned (presumably illegal) malachite
mining operation outside of but in close proximity to the site ................................................................ 53
Figure 24: An old mining shaft that has been 'closed' (left) and general surface conditions at the past
artisanal mining sites (right) .................................................................................................................. 53
Figure 25: View of the site from Mumbwa Prison Farm ........................................................................ 58
Figure 26: Hilly topography and vegetation ........................................................................................... 58
Figure 27: Existing night view (top) - project site hidden by topography and (bottom) potential night
view (sky glow from unmitigated light impacts from project) ................................................................. 58
Figure 28: Visual receptors in the vicinity of the project site ................................................................. 59
Figure 29: Sites where noise monitoring / measurements were taken ................................................. 61
AGES Gauteng
-vii-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 30: Ecoregions of Zambia .......................................................................................................... 63
Figure 31: Vegetation Types of the Site ................................................................................................ 65
Figure 32: Sensitivity of the vegetation types found on the site ............................................................ 68
Figure 33: Wetlands of the study area .................................................................................................. 70
Figure 34: Ecological Sensitivity of the study area ................................................................................ 75
Figure 35: Archaeological and Heritage Resources in the vicinity of the site........................................ 77
Figure 36: Existing Road Conditions ..................................................................................................... 85
Figure 37: Base Case SLC mine Layout and ecological sensitivity..................................................... 141
Figure 38: Base Case and Alternative 1 underground site layout ....................................................... 142
Figure 39: Alternative 2 Opencast site layout ...................................................................................... 142
Figure 40: Suggested route for re-alignment of Mushingashi Road.................................................... 145
Figure 41: Water supply option – Groundwater .................................................................................. 149
List of Tables
Table 1: Format of the EIS report............................................................................................................ 2
Table 2: Details of the project proponent ................................................................................................ 4
Table 3: The names of the twenty largest registered shareholders of ordinary shares as at 23
September 2013 ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Table 4: shareholding and directors of Blackthorn Resources Zambia Limited ...................................... 5
Table 5: Minerals for which the prospecting license is held .................................................................... 7
Table 6: Additional Relevant Legislation ............................................................................................... 11
Table 7: Specific information in terms of the process flow .................................................................... 27
Table 8: Specialist involvement in the EIS ............................................................................................ 34
Table 9: Summary of Soils on the Project Site ...................................................................................... 47
Table 10: Summary of Vegetation Types in the study area .................................................................. 67
Table 11: 2008 Mumbwa District Profile ............................................................................................... 81
Table 12: Impact Significance Criteria .................................................................................................. 89
Table 13: Impact identification and significance rating WITHOUT MITIGATION ................................. 93
Table 14: Identification of mitigation measures, and impact ratings AFTER mitigation ...................... 108
Table 15: Summary of Social Opportunities in response to Social Issues .......................................... 134
Table 16: Comparative assessment - Opencast Underground and Cave mining ............................... 137
Table 17: Evaluation of base case process plant location .................................................................. 140
Table 18: Comparative Assessment: TSF Base Case (Alt 1) vs. Alternative 2 .................................. 143
Table 19: Expected daily trip generation (external transport during production) ................................. 146
Table 20: Environmental Management Plan ....................................................................................... 153
AGES Gauteng
-viii-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
1
Environmental Impact Study
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Blackthorn Resources Limited (Blackthorn) appointed Africa Geo-Environmental Services Gauteng (PTY)
Ltd (AGES) to investigate the feasibility of the proposed Kitumba copper mining Project from an
environmental and social impact management perspective, and to facilitate the environmental impact
assessment processes required under Zambian law and in accordance with the principles of sustainable
development.
The purpose of this Environmental Impact Study (EIS) Report is to evaluate the existing socio-economic
and biophysical baseline environments of the proposed project site in order to determine whether any
potential fatal flaws exist that may render the project impracticable from an environmental management
point of view, and to identify the management measures which would be required to ensure that the
project does not detrimentally impact on the receiving environment.
This study also discusses
environmental legal requirements and authorisations applicable to the project.
The proposed project site is situated in the Mumbwa District, in the north-west region of the Central
Province of Zambia, approximately 210 km north-west of Lusaka, and approximately 50 km north-west of
the town of Mumbwa at the following coordinates:
Latitude:
14°41'53.15"S
Longitude:
26°48'3.20"E
The preliminary mineralogy suggested that the copper is contained in malachite and cuprite which are
classified as oxide copper minerals. Sulphide minerals are also present. The copper ore which will be
mined comprise primarily sulphide copper (secondary chalcocite and primary chalcopyrite), oxide copper
will also be mined but is a lesser component.
The base case project description involves the mining and processing of an iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG)
deposit at a 3 Mtpa production rate at a head grade of 1.7% Cu, using a sub level caving (SLC) mining
method. Twin declines will be used for access and haulage. The process plant will produce both cathode
copper and copper concentrate, to be shipped from site to Lusaka by road truck. All tailings will report to a
Tailings Storage Facility (TSF). The Life of Mine (LoM) is estimated at approximately 11+ years with 2
years for pre-production. A brief description of the major equipment used and the process steps is given
below:
•
Primary ore crushing
•
Grinding and classification
•
Rougher flotation to produce a bulk concentrate
•
Acid leaching of bulk rougher concentrate
•
Filtration of leached concentrate with filtrate processed by solvent extraction and electrowinning
(SXEW) to produce copper cathode
AGES Gauteng
-ix-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
•
Neutralisation of filtrate residue followed by secondary flotation of filtrate residue
•
Secondary flotation concentrate regrind and two stages of cleaner flotation to produce a copper
concentrate
•
Copper concentrate thickening, filtration and stockpiling
•
Tailings thickening and disposal
The current planning indicates that the project development (construction) will commence around 2016. It
is currently estimated that the construction phase work force will be approximately 500 people, and the
operational phases will generate employment for approximately 400 people or more. Preference will be
given to the employment of local community members where possible. The project will aim to provide
equal opportunity to women in mining and related operations where feasible.
There are a number of legislative requirements and international best practice principles to which the
project will have to adhere, and a number of licenses, authorisations or approvals that will be required prior
to the project commencing on site. Worth emphasizing here is adherence to the IFC Environmental
Performance Standards and Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Mining, the Mines and
Minerals Development Act, 2008 (MMDA), Zambia Environmental Management Act, 2011 (ZEMA) and the
Water Resources Management Act, 2011 (WRMA).
As part of the applications for environmental authorizations and mining rights, and due to the requirement
that people have the right to be informed about potential decisions that may affect them and that they must
be afforded an opportunity to influence those decisions, AGES has been involved in public engagement
with surrounding stakeholders and authorities and this report also contains details of the public
consultation process followed thus far.
It must be noted that public participation is an on-going consultative and information-sharing process and
that good relations must be built and maintained with stakeholders throughout the life of the project and
after the project has stopped. Social license to operate can be challenged at any time during a
development lifespan and the public consultation process is therefore far from complete. Rather, public
participation relating to the project is in its infancy.
A number of specialist investigations were conducted during the EIS which includes: Ecological, soils and
land capability and wetland assessments, heritage impact assessment, noise impact assessment, air
quality impact assessment, visual impact assessment, traffic impact assessment, hydro-geological impact
assessment and water supply option analysis and a closure plan and estimate for financial provision. The
specialist team characterized the existing environment in their respective field which may be impacted by
the project, quantified what those impacts may be, suggested mitigation and management measures to
reduce the identified impacts and assessed a number of alternatives to be considered in the project
implementation going forward.
AGES Gauteng
-x-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
The purpose of identifying and evaluating feasible alternatives in terms of a development proposal is to
find the most effective way of meeting the project needs, either through enhancing the environmental
benefits of the proposed activity, and / or through reducing or avoiding negative impacts. A number of
different alternative types are discussed in this report, many of which will require careful consideration and
decision-making during subsequent phases of the project. The report also identifies opportunities and
benefits that may be associated with the project.
Comment is also made in this report on the importance of ensuring that the project leaves a positive
legacy behind, and the compilation and implementation of detailed rehabilitation measures concurrently
with the mining activities as well as post-closure. Financial provision for rehabilitation, closure and after
care was also estimated.
After completion of the EIS, a number of potential negative environmental impacts associated with the
project have been identified, along with management and mitigation measures aimed at managing,
reducing or avoiding any negative impacts, and enhancing positive impacts. None of the identified
potential negative impacts are expected to be of sufficient severity and likelihood that they cannot be
managed to acceptable levels by the implementation of detailed management and mitigation measures as
stipulated in this report and the associated specialist reports.
From an environmental impact management point of view it is recommended that the project continue to
the definitive feasibility phase (DFS) in order that existing knowledge gaps may be filled and further
confidence in the environmental acceptability of the project can be gained.
This EIS is submitted to the ZEMA in support of an application for environmental authorization for the
proposed project. This report is also submitted (via the ZEMA) to the Mines Safety Department (MSD),
under the Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development in support of the Mining Licence under Clause 25
of the Mines and Minerals Development Act 2008, and to the relevant Water Users association or water
board as the case may be in support of an application for the right to use water at the proposed mining
development.
__________________________________________
Signature of the Chief Executive of the Developers
Full Names: ________________________________ Date: __________________________________
AGES Gauteng
-xi-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
1.1
Environmental Impact Study
Non-Technical Summary (Kaonde) (Translation provided by Mr Cholobesa)
BYAMBO BYANEMBWA MUBWIPI [BYA BULA BUNSENDWE].
NO KAMPANYI WABA BLACKTHORN WAASONTA KAMPANYI WABA AFRIKA GEO-ENVIROMENTAL
GAUTENG [PTY] LTD [AGES] KUBA’MBA BAPALANGUZYE NE KUTANA BYA KONSHA KUFUMA
MU-INO MINGILO YAKETEKELWA KWINGIJIWA PA MUKOCHI WA COOPA UTELWA’MBA KITUMBA
KWESANKANYA NA BINTU BITUZHOKOLOKA NE MAKATAZHO AKUMA KUBWIKALO BWA BANTU
NE MASHINDA O’BAKENGIJISHA MUKUKEPESHAKO MAKATAZHO KABIJI NE KUMONA KUBA’MBA
MINGILO YAKUPITALUKA NE KUMONA MAKATAZHO AKONSHA KWIYA NAMAMBO A MINGILO INO
NE MASHINDA AKABIKWAPO MU KWESEKA KUKEPESHAKO MAKATAZHO MUKWESAKANYA NA
MUZHILO YA MUKYALO KYA ZAMBIA.
KINE KINTU KYA LENGELA KWIKALA NA INO MINGILO YAKU PITULUKA NE KUTAGISHA PA BYA
KONSHA KUMWEKANA INGE INO MINGILO YAKUPOYA MABWE YAUBIWA KUBIKAPO NE
MAKATAZHO AKONSHA KUMWEKANA KUBINTU BITU ZHOKOLOKA. UNO REPOOTI UBENA
KUPITULUKA NE KUMONA BINTU BYO BIJI PA KINO KIMYE MUMASHINDA ANO AJI NOBE
BWIKALO BWA MUUNTU NE BYA BUUNONSHI BWAKYALO KABIJI NE KUTAGISHA BULONGO PA
BINTU BYOONSE BITANWA MU INO MPUNZHA ITUZHOKOLOKA NE NKOMINO YABYA PA
MUTUNDU YEENSE WABINTU BITANWA KU INO MPUNZHA KWA KETEKELWA KUBIWA INO
MINGILO MUKUKEBA KUBA’MBA BAYUKE KA’NA KUJIPO BINTU BIMO BYASHALAPO NANGWA
KUBULA KUTAGISHIWAAPO BULONGO BYANEMA KINE KINE BY KONSHA KULENGELA MWINGILO
UNO WAKUKEBA KUPOYA MABWE WAMWEKA NOBE KECHI WA KONSHA KWINGIWA NE
NAMA’MBO AKUMA PA MINGILO IKENGIWA PA KUMONA PA BINTU BITU ZHOKOLOKA KABIJI NE
KUYUKA MASHINDA AKA KEBEWA KWINGISHIWA MUKUMONA KUBA’MBA UNO MWINGILO WA
KUPOYA MABWE KAUJI KULETA MAKATAZHO ABAYA A KINE KU BINTU BITU ZHOKOLOKA MU
MPUNZHA KUKINGIWANGA INO MINGILO. INO MINGILO YA KUKEBA KEBA EBENA KWISAMBAPO
PA BYA FWAINWA KULONDELWA KWESAKANYA NA MIZHILO YAPA BINTU BITU ZHOKOLOKA –
KABIJI NE BYOONSE BIKEBEWA KUBIWA MUKWESANKYA NA BINTU MO BYAILA PA MWINGILO
UNO WA KUPOYA MABWE A COOPA.
INO MPUNZHA KUKOBIWANGA INO MINGILO INTANWA MU BOOMA WA MUMBWA, KU KABETA
KABUYEKE KAJI KUMUZHIKA MUKIBUNJI KIJI PAKACHI KA KYALO KYA ZAMBIA, PABWEPI MA
KILOMITA NOBE TU HUNDILEDI NE TENI (210KM) KU KABETA KABUYEKE BWA KUMUZHIKA WA
MUZHI MUKATAMPE WA LUSAKA, KABIJI PABWEPI MAKILO MITA MAKUMI ATANU (50KM)
KUFUMA KU BOOMA WA MUMBWA NAKU KABETA KA BUYEKE BUJI KU MUZHIKA. UNO COOPA
(COPPER) UNTANYIKA MU MUTUNDU WA MABWE UTELWA AAMBA SULPHIDI AJI NOBE
KALKOCITI NE CHALKOFURITI BUTMALAKI NE KUPURITI AO BIKWA MU MUTUNDU WA OKOCIDI
COOPA NAO MO AJI. JINO JIBWE JA COOPA JIKAPOYEWANGA KE PRIMALI SULPHIDI COOPA
BINO OKOCIDI COOPA NAYE UKAPOYEWANGA MU KIPIMO KICHECHE. KULUMBULULA
KWAFIKAPO KWA MINGILO INO KWAVWANGAPO KAPOYA ANO MABWE NE KWIAWAMYA
AGES Gauteng
-xii-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
BULONGO UNO OFA COOPA PA MATANI AFIKA MA MILIONI A SAATU PA MWAAKA PA MWAAKA
KWINGISHA JISHINDA JAKUPOYA JITELWAMBA SABU LEVAL KEEVING (SUB LEVEL CAVING SLC).
BIMBO BIBIJI BIIKAYANGA PANSHI BYO BAKENGISHANGA KUYA PANSHI NE KUSENDA KITOFU.
INO MPUNZHA WAKUWAMISHISHA PA MABWE IKALUPULANGA BINTU BIIBIJI. KATHODI COOPA
NE COOPA UJI NA BINTU BIKWABO MUKACHI, IKA TUNCHEWANGA KUFUMA KU MUKOCHI
KUTWALA KU MIKOCHI (COPPERBELT) KUPITA MUMUZHI WA LUSAKA NA BIMBAYAMBAYA
(TRUCKS). UNO MUKOCHI WA KETEKELWA KWIKALA MYAKA JIKUMI NE MWAKA UMO NE
KUPITAILA KUBIKAPO MYAKA IBIJI SA BA KYANGYE KUTENDEKA KUFUMYA MABWE PA
MUKOCHI.
LUMO LUNENGEZHO LWAMWESHO AMBA KUTWALA PALUTWE KWA MINGILO INO MUBYA
KUSHIIMIKA KUKATENDEKA PA KUFIKANGA MU MWAKA WA TWENTY SIXTENI (2016).
PA KINO KIMYE LUNEGEZHOMU KIPUNGU KITANSHI KYA KUSHIMI KIKEKALA NA BAANTU
BANKITO BAKETEKELWA KUFIKA KUKIPIMO KYA FIVE HUNDILEDI (500) KABIJI NE KIMYE KYA
KUTENDEKA KWINGILA EKA LETA MINGILO YA BAANTU BA KAFIKA KU KIPIMO KYA MA
HUNDILEDI AJI FOOLO (400) KAAMPE NE KILAPO. JISHUKO JA KUTWEZHA BA MINGILO
JIKAPEWA KUBANGIKAZHI BATANWA KUMPUNZHA KOONKA KANA KYA SWISHIWA.
NOBE JISHINDA JAKU KULOMBA KU SWISHIWA KU BINTU BITU ZHOKOLOKA NE NGOVU ISWISHA
MUUNTU KUPOYA MABWE KANO KAMPANYI KATELWAMBA AGES MUBWEPI KETAILE MU
MEESAMBO NE BENAKENGI NENA BAANTU BOONSE BOYAKUMA INO MINGILO KABIJI NE BIBESE
BYA KUFULUMENDE BYAPUSANA-PUSANA; KABIJI NE UNO LIPOOTI UJI NENA BINTU BYOONSE
BYANEMBWA BYA FUUMINE MU MISAMBO INO KUFIKA PAKINO KIMYE. TWAFWAIIWA
KUYUKAAMBA KUNO KWISAMBA NA BENAKENGI KE KINTU KIKATWAJIJI NOBE JISHINDA
KUUNVWA MILANGULUKO YA BAANTU KABIJI NE KUSHILANGENA BYAAMBO KABIJI
NEKUMONA’MBA BULUNDA BWAWAMA BWAIKALAPO KABIJI NE KUTWAJIJILA NABOOBA
BOKYAKUMA KIKUPUTU MU KIMYE KYOONSE KYAKWINGILA PA INO MPUNZHA KABIJI NE KIMYE
KYO IKAPWA INO MINGILO YA KUPOYA MABWE.
KWAJINGA KUKEBAKEBA BULONGO KU BASHAYUKA KWAUBIWE MU KIMYE KU MWINGILO UNO
WA (EIS) AWO WAUBIWE AMO MUJI KUTALA PA BINTU BIJI NABUMI, MAALOBA KABIJI NE
MUSHIJI UJI BYEPI KABIJI NE KUTAJISHA PA MUSHIJI AWA WIKALA NA MUNYANGO KIMYE
KYOONSE. BYAKISHAKULU, NE KYOONGO, KUMO AMBA LUVULA YETUPEMA UJI BYEPI, MEENSO
AKAMONA’NGA BULONGO NYI? BYELA BYENDA PA MUKWAKWA BIKENDENGA BYEPI, BYA
MEEMA ATANWA MU MABWE, KABIJI NE KUTALATALA BULONGO NE KUMONA KUKAFUMANGA
MEEMA AKUTOMA KABIJI NE BI KOBIWA KANA MUKOCHI WASHINKWA KABIJI NE KUMONA
KUBA’MBA MAALI AANGA AKETEKELWA KUTAIWAPO. JINO JIBUMBA JABASHAYUKA JA
TAJISHIPO BULONGO PA BITA ZHOKOLOKA NE KUMONA NGANYI MAKAZHO AKONSHA
KUMWEKANA, NE MASHINDA AKONSHA KWINGISHIWA MUKUKEPESHAKO MAKAZHO AKONSHA
KUMWEKA MUBINO BINTU BYA YUKANYIKWA KABIJI NE KUMONAPO MASHINDA AKWABO
AKONSHA KWINGISHIWA PA KIMYE KYA KUTENDEKA MINGILO INO INGE KYAFIKA. KINE KINTU
AGES Gauteng
-xiii-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
KYALENGISHA KUBA’MBA TUYUKE KABIJI NE KUPITULAKAMO MU MASHINDA AKONSHA
KWINGISHIWA KWESAKANYA NA MULANGULUKO WAKUTWALA PALUTWE MINGILO KE KUKEBA
KUTANA BYO TWAKONSHA KUTANA JISHINDA JA FIKILAMO JA KUKEBA KUFIKIZHA BYA KEBEWA
KUBIWA MUMWINGILO UNO, KAMPE KUPITILA MUKUKU KOSESHA BUWAME BUKAFUMAMO MU
UNO MWINGILO WAKATEKELA KWINGILWA. KABIJI NANGWA KUPITILA MUKUKEPESHAKO
BYATAMA BYAKONSHA KUFUMA MUMINGILO INO. MASHINDA’PUSANA PUSANA AAVULA ABYA
KONSHA KUBIWA ESAMBIWAPAPO MU LIPOOTI. AYE UNO LIPOOTI KABIJI WATANAPO NE
JISUKO JA KUYUKA NE BYAWAMA BYO BAKONSHA KUMWENAMO BULONGO BYA LAMATA KU
UNO MWINGILO.
BAAMBA PO MU UNO LIPOOTI PA BUNEME BWAKUMONA’MBA INO MINGILO YASHANKUWA
YAWAMA PANYUMA KABIJI NE KUBUNGIZHA PAMO NE KUFIKIZHA KWA YUULA YA KUMONA BYO
BAKONSHA KUKWASHA BAANTU BAKATANWA MUMAKATAZHO PA KIMYE KIMOTU NA MINGILO
YA KUPOYA MABWE NE YAPANYUMA YAKUSHINKA MUKOCHI. LUNENGEZHO LWAMAALI
AKUKWASHA BAANTU KUBA’MBA BIKALE BWIKALO BWAMA PANYUMA YAKUSHINKA KABIJI NE
BYA KWIBALAMA BAANTU MU MOBO AKULUTWE NE MAALI AKONSHA KUTAIWAPO BYOONSE
BYAUBIWA. KYA KETEKELWA KUBA’MBA BYOONSE BINTU BYAYUKANYIKWA BYA KONSHA
KULETA MAKATAZHO A KONSHA KWINGIWAPO MUMASHINDA ASWISHIWA KUPITILA
MUKUFIKIZHA MINGILO YA BIKWAPO KWESAKANYA NA BYATANCHIKWA MU LIPOOTI NE MA
LIPOOTI AKWABO ABANSENDWA ALAMATAKO.
KWESAKANYA NA BYA NENGEZHIWA PA BYA KONSHA KUMWEKA KUBINTU BITU ZHOKOLOKA
KYASWISHIWA AMBA MINGILO ITWAJIJILE MU KIPUNGU KYA KUKEBA KEBA NEKUTANA BYA
KONSHA KUFUMA MUMINGILO INO KYO BATELA’MBA DIFINITIVU FESIBILITI PHASE (DFP)
MUBWEPI, NE KAFULUMENDE WA KETEKELWA KUPANA MUKUMBU WAWAMA.
UNO EIS WAPANWA KU KUBUNGWE KATANGISHA PA KULAMA BULONGO BINTU BITU
ZHOKOLOKA KATELWA’MBA – ZEMA MUBWEPI MUKUTUNDAIKA KULOMBA KWAKUSWISHIWA
KWESAKANYA NA BITU ZHOKOLOKA KU INO MINGILO YA KETEKELWA KWINGIWA. UNO LIPOOTI
NAYE WATUMWA KUPITILA MU BA ZEMA KU KIBESE KYA KAFULUMENDE KITANGESHA PA
KWIVIMBILA KWA BAANTU BATWELA PA MUKOCHI NANGWA’MBA MAINI SEFUTI DIPATIMENTI
(MSD), KIJI MU KIBESE KYA KAFULUMENDE KITALA PA MIKOCHI NE KU KUTWALA PALUTWE
MINGILO WAMABWE APUSANA PUSANA, NE KABUNGWE KEMINAKO BAANTU BENGIGISHA
MEEMA NANGWA KABUNGWE KATENTEKWA NA KAFULUMENDE KATALA PA NGOVU WA
PANYIWA KU MUUNTU KWINGISHA MEEMA AJIMU MIKOLA NE BIZHIBA PA MPUNZHA PA
KETEKELWA KUBIKWA MINGILO YA KUTWALA PALUTWE BYA KUBAISHAKO MINGILO YAKUPOYA
MABWE.
AGES Gauteng
-xiv-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
1.2
Environmental Impact Study
Non-Technical Summary (English)
Blackthorn Resources Limited (Blackthorn) appointed Africa Geo-Environmental Services Gauteng (PTY)
Ltd (AGES) to investigate the feasibility of the proposed Kitumba copper mining Project from an
environmental and social impact management perspective, and to facilitate the environmental impact
assessment processes required under Zambian law.
The purpose of this Environmental Impact Study (EIS) Report is to evaluate the existing socio-economic
and biophysical baseline environments of the proposed project site in order to determine whether any fatal
flaws exist that may render the project impracticable from an environmental management point of view,
and to identify the management measures which would be required to ensure that the project does not
detrimentally impact on the receiving environment. This study also discusses environmental legal
requirements and authorisations applicable to the project.
The proposed project site is situated in the Mumbwa District, in the north-west region of the Central
Province of Zambia, approximately 210 km north-west of Lusaka, and approximately 50 km north-west of
the town of Mumbwa.
It is expected that the copper is contained in malachite and cuprite which are classified as oxide copper
minerals. Sulphide minerals are also present. The copper ore which will be mined comprise primarily
sulphide copper, oxide copper will also be mined but is a lesser component.
The base case project description involves the mining and processing of an iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG)
deposit at a 3 Mtpa production rate, using a sub level caving (SLC) mining method. Twin declines will be
used for access and haulage. The process plant will produce both cathode copper and copper
concentrate, to be shipped from site to the Copperbelt via Lusaka by road truck. The Life of Mine (LoM) is
estimated at approximately 11+ years with 2 years for pre-production.
The current planning indicates that the project development (construction) will commence around 2016. It
is currently estimated that the construction phase work force will be approximately 500 people, and the
operational phases will generate employment for approximately 400 people or more. Preference will be
given to the employment of local community members where possible.
As part of the applications for environmental authorizations and mining rights AGES has been involved in
public engagement with surrounding stakeholders and authorities and this report also contains details of
the public consultation process followed thus far. It must be noted that public participation is an on-going
consultative and information-sharing process and that good relations must be built and maintained with
stakeholders throughout the life of the project and after the project has stopped.
A number of specialist investigations were conducted during the EIS which includes: Ecological, soils and
land capability and wetland assessments, heritage impact assessment, noise impact assessment, air
quality impact assessment, visual impact assessment, traffic impact assessment, hydro-geological impact
AGES Gauteng
-xv-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
assessment and water supply option analysis and a closure plan and estimate for financial provision. The
specialist team characterized the existing environment, quantified what those impacts may be, suggested
management measures to reduce the identified impacts and assessed a number of alternatives to be
considered in the project implementation going forward.
The purpose of identifying and evaluating feasible alternatives in terms of a development proposal is to
find the most effective way of meeting the project needs, either through enhancing the environmental
benefits of the proposed activity, and / or through reducing negative impacts. A number of different
alternative types are discussed in this report. The report also identifies opportunities and benefits that may
be associated with the project.
Comment is also made in this report on the importance of ensuring that the project leaves a positive
legacy behind, and the compilation and implementation of detailed rehabilitation measures concurrently
with the mining activities as well as post-closure. Financial provision for rehabilitation, closure and after
care was also estimated.
It is expected that all of the identified potential negative impacts can be managed to acceptable levels by
the implementation of detailed management measures as stipulated in this report and the associated
specialist reports.
From an environmental impact management point of view it is recommended that the project continue to
the definitive feasibility phase (DFS) and the authorities consider granting a positive authorization.
This EIS is submitted to the ZEMA in support of an application for environmental authorization for the
proposed project. This report is also submitted (via the ZEMA) to the Mines Safety Department (MSD),
under the Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development and to the relevant Water Users association or
water board for the right to use water at the proposed mining development.
AGES Gauteng
-xvi-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
2
Environmental Impact Study
INTRODUCTION
Blackthorn Resources Zambia Limited (Blackthorn hereafter) is investigating the feasibility of the proposed
Kitumba Copper Project located in the Mumbwa District of the Central Province of Zambia. The proposed
project site is approximately 210 km north-west of Lusaka, and approximately 50 km north-west of the town of
Mumbwa at the following coordinates:
Latitude:
14°41'53.15"S
Longitude:
26°48'3.20"E
Blackthorn appointed Africa Geo-Environmental Services Gauteng (Pty) Ltd (AGES hereafter) to facilitate the
environmental impact assessment (EIA) processes required under Zambian law and in accordance with the
principles of sustainable development.
An Environmental Project Brief (EPB) was submitted to the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ, now the
Zambia Environmental Management Agency, ZEMA) on 22 April 2010. The Reference Number is
ECZ/INS/101/4/1. The EPB was approved in a letter dated 28 May 2010. Prospecting activities are under way
on the project site in accordance with the conditions of the approval and all other relevant legislation.
The Draft Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EIA Study were prepared after a consultation / scoping meeting
with the ZEMA held on 28 November 2012 (key notes are contained in Appendix 1), and submitted to the
ZEMA on 13 December 2012. On 15 January 2013, the ZEMA requested amendments to the ToR. The
updated ToR was re-submitted to the ZEMA on 22 January 2013. On 23 January 2013 the ToR was approved
by the ZEMA, who instructed that the project may continue to the EIA phase. Please refer to Appendix 1 for
proof of these submissions and approval.
2.1
Purpose of this Document
In order to proceed with the Project from the current exploration activities to mining activities on the identified
resource area it is a legal requirement under the Environmental Management Act, 2011 (EMA) (and other
laws, refer to Section 3) that project approval be sought from the Zambian Environmental Management
Agency (ZEMA).
Section 29 (1) of the EMA states that “A person shall not undertake any project that may have an effect on the
environment without the written approval of the Agency, and except in accordance with any conditions
imposed in that approval.”
Therefore, in line with the applicable legislative requirements discussed further in section 3 of this document,
an EIA is required before a decision can be made by the relevant authorities on whether the project may
proceed to a mining project and if so under what conditions. This Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was
thus duly prepared in accordance with the approved ToR and relevant legislative requirements.
The purpose of this document is to:
AGES Gauteng
-1-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
•
Environmental Impact Study
Provide an overview of the relevant environmental and mining legislation applicable to the proposed
Kitumba Copper Project (Section 3)
•
Provide a detailed description of the proposed project (Section 4);
•
Provide a detailed description of the existing environment of and around the proposed development
site (section 5);
•
Provide details on consultations with the public and relevant stakeholders in the project who may be
interested in or affected by the project (Section 6.1).
•
Describe the anticipated impacts that the proposed project may have on the receiving biophysical and
social environments (section 6);
•
Describe measures which may be applied to the proposed project to minimise and manage the
anticipated impacts to acceptable levels (section 7);
•
Investigate alternatives to the project proposal (section 8);
•
Compile an environmental management plan aimed at the implementation of the management and
mitigation measures identified (section 9) and
•
Deliver comment on the closure and rehabilitation of the proposed operations after mining has ceased
(Section 10).
This report thus aims to provide the ZEMA as well as other decision-making authorities (such as the Mines
Safety Department (MSD) and Water Users Association (WUA)), and Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs),
commenting authorities and other stakeholders, with sufficient information about the proposed project and the
project site in order for them to deliver meaningful comments and make informed decisions regarding the
future of the proposed Kitumba Copper Project.
2.2
Format of this report
AGES and the project proponent held a consultation / scoping meeting with ZEMA on 28 November 2012,
during which the preferred format for the EIS was discussed. The following table identifies the format
prescribed by the ZEMA and the relevant sections of this EIS report.
Table 1: Format of the EIS report
No
ZEMA Prescribed Format
Page/Section of
this report
1
Executive Summary
Section 1 pg ix
2
Introduction
Section 2 pg 1
-
Total project cost / investment
Section 2.3.3
-
Particulars of shareholders / Directors
Section 2.3
AGES Gauteng
-2-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
-
Track record / previous experience of enterprise elsewhere
Section 2.3.1
-
Proposed project implementation date
Section 2.3.3
-
Description of project
Section 2.4
3
Relevant regulatory framework
Section 3 pg 9
4
Project Description
Section 4 pg 15
Land tenure
Section 4.1
Location (including distances and nature of businesses of surrounding community, satellite
images and maps)
Section 4.1
Objectives
Section 4.2
Main Activities (include site preparation phase, construction phase, operation phase)
Section 4.3
Process and Technology (including flow diagrams)
Figure 6
Raw materials
Section 4.3
Products and by-products
Section 4.3
Environmental Baseline Study
Section 5 pg 34
Climate (rainfall, temperature, humidity, sunshine etc.)
Section 0
Air Quality
Section 0
Geology
Section 5.3
Hydrology (surface water and ground water quality)
Section 5.3 & 5.4
Hydrogeology
Section 5.3
Soils
Section 5.5
Topography
Section 5.6
Land Use
Section 5.7
Land Tenure
Section 5.7
Landscape
Section 5.8
Noise and Vibration
Section 5.9
Fauna (Field survey of animal species, identification of rare or endangered species,
terrestrial and aquatic habitats)
Section 5.10
5
Flora (terrestrial and aquatic habitats, habitats for rare or endangered species)
6
Archaeological and cultural environment
Section 5.11
Socio-cultural and economic setup (Administration, social services and amenities, market
availability on commodities, illiteracy levels, health and gender equity, traditional and
religious practices and rights, sources of raw materials for such events, or location of
significant historical or archaeological features)
Section 5.12
Impacts
Section 6 pg 86
Environmental (positive and negative, direct, indirect, residue and cumulative)
Section 6
Socio-cultural (positive and negative, direct, indirect, residue and cumulative)
Section 6
Economic (positive and negative, direct, indirect, residue and cumulative)
Section 6
7
Mitigation measures for all identified potential impacts
Section 7 pg 107
8
Project Alternatives (location, process, materials, pollution control etc.).
Section 8 pg 130
9
Environmental Management Plan
Section 9 pg 153
10
Decommissioning and rehabilitation
Section 10 pg
173
11
Appendices
Section 12
Scoping / ToR report
Minutes
Maps
Certificates & authorizations
AGES Gauteng
-3-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
2.3
Environmental Impact Study
Background of the Project Proponent
Blackthorn Resources Limited is an Australian-based resources company that is unearthing value from a
diverse portfolio of base metal projects in Africa (http://www.blackthornresources.com.au/). The company is
listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. The particulars of the Board of Directors are available at
http://www.blackthornresources.com.au/profile/board/. The company has an office in Zambia with the
following contact details:
Table 2: Details of the project proponent
Ian Hart;
Blackthorn Resources Limited
Phone +260 211 250 397
Zambia
Sydney – Head Office
Phone +260 211 250 291
Suite 1A Al Jahazi Villas
Level 5, Suite 502
Mobile +260 971 257 416 Zambia
151 Kabulonga Road
80 William Street
Mobile +61 457 431 006 Australia
PO BOX 50005 Lusaka
15101, Zambia
Sydney NSW 2011 Australia
i.hart@blackthornresources.com.au
2.3.1
Phone +61 2 9357 9000
Information on shareholders and shareholding percentage
Blackthorn Resources (Zambia) Limited is 100% owned by Blackthorn Resources Limited, with the following
relevant shareholder information:
2.3.1.1
Voting rights
At meetings of the Company, each shareholder entitled to vote may vote in person or by proxy or attorney, or,
in the case of a shareholder which is a body corporate, by duly authorised representative.
On a show of hands every member present or by proxy shall have one vote and upon a poll each share shall
have one vote. Table 3 indicates the names of the twenty largest registered shareholders of ordinary shares
as at 23 September 2013.
Table 3: The names of the twenty largest registered shareholders of ordinary shares as at 23
September 2013
No. of shares
% of Total
Singpac Investment Holding Pte Ltd
21,205,853
12.91
JP Morgan Nominees Australia Ltd (Cash Income A/C)
19,882,280
12.10
HSBC Custody Nominees (Australia)
15,458,386
9.41
Citicorp Nominees Pty Ltd
13,752,768
8.37
National Nominees Ltd
4,450,867
2.71
JP Morgan Nominees Australia Ltd
3,569,185
2.17
UBS Nominees Pty Ltd
2,724,414
1.66
AGES Gauteng
-4-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
HSBC Custody Nominees (Australia)
2,636,317
1.60
Singpac Investment Holding Pte Ltd
2,100,000
1.28
Merrill Lynch (Australia) Nominees Pty Ltd
1,651,326
1.01
BNP Paribas Nominees Pty Ltd (Jarvis A/C Non Treaty DRP)
1,617,206
0.98
Mr Christopher Brown
1,450,460
0.88
SA Capital Funds Management Ltd (SACFM No 1 Fund A/C)
1,161,349
0.71
HSBC Custody Nominees (Australia) (NT Comnwlth Super Corp)
1,093,677
0.67
Mr Yi Weng & Ms Ning Li
1,027,100
0.63
Mr Yi Weng & Ms Ning Li
928,000
0.56
Citicorp Nominees Pty Ltd (Colonial First State Inv A/C)
833,800
0.51
JP Morgan Nominees Australia Limited
806,252
0.49
P & S Fahey Pty Ltd
785,879
0.48
UBS Wealth Management Australia Nominees Pty Ltd
735,258
0.45
97,870,377
59.57%
Shareholders who have given notice of being substantial shareholders in the Company at the date of the
Company’s latest annual report, where their relevant interest in the number of fully paid ordinary shares are as
follows:
Substantial Shareholder
%
Glencore Xstrata
14.2
North Sound
6.0
Acorn Capital
5.7
F Brewer
5.2
The shareholding and directors of Blackthorn Resources Zambia are as follows;
Table 4: shareholding and directors of Blackthorn Resources Zambia Limited
Shareholder
Shares held
Nationality
NRC/Passport No.
Blackthorn Resources Limited
4,999
Australian
Body Corporate
ACN 009193980
African Investments Pty Limited
1
Australian
Body Corporate
ACN 107540992 1075
Director
Shares held
Nationality
NRC/Passport No.
Scott Frederick LOWE
Nil
Australian
E4068660
Geoffrey Mutale MULENGA
Nil
Zambian
235571/11/1
William Douglas CASH
Nil
Australian
M2907944
William Paul SAUNDERS
Nil
British
943630/67/2
AGES Gauteng
-5-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
2.3.2
Environmental Impact Study
Previous Experience of Enterprise elsewhere
Blackthorn’s primary assets are currently in West and Southern Africa targeting Copper, Zinc and Silver. The
high-grade Perkoa Zinc/Silver Mine in Burkina Faso has recently been commissioned, with joint venture
partner Glencore International managing and operating the mine, as well as providing debt funding for mine
development. The Perkoa zinc mine is the largest zinc mine development undertaken in the country to date
and
there
is
a
growing
level
of
excitement
over
its
progression
(http://www.blackthornresources.com.au/projects/perkoa/).
2.3.3
Project cost / investment and implementation date
The current planning indicates that the project development (construction) will commence around 2016. Total
life of mine capital expenditure for the project is currently estimated at $400 – $450M. These figures are likely
to be refined as the project evaluation and design progresses.
2.4
Brief description of the Project
The proposed project is located in the Mumbwa District, in the north-west region of the Central Province of
Zambia. The site is approximately 210 km north-west of Lusaka, and approximately 50 km north-west of the
town of Mumbwa (See Figure 1).
The proposed project entails the mining and processing of an iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposit in an
underground mining operation using sub-level caving as the base case mining method at a production rate of
3 mega tons per annum (Mtpa) and at a head grade of 1.7% Copper. The copper to be mined is primarily
sulphide (secondary chalcocite and primary chalcopyrite), and oxide is lesser component. 33,000 tonnes per
annum of copper cathode and ~ 24,000 tonnes per annum of wet copper sulphide concentrate is planned to
be shipped from site by road truck.
Sub-Level Caving (SLC) is an underground mining method which involves controlled drilling and blasting
breaking the whole quantity of ore between sub-levels, and subsequent removal of the ore via the haulage
access. This mining method is associated with significant economic opportunities when compared to some
other mining methods. The knowledge base for SLC is (however) comparatively small as very few mines use
the method (https://www.minewiki.org/index.php/Sub-Level_Caving:_Where_Is_It_Headed%3F). The mining
method is associated with ground deformations at surface (subsistence).
2.4.1
Prospecting Phase
The Mumbwa large-scale prospecting licence (reference number 8589-HQ-LPL) was first granted on 13
November 2007 and has subsequently been renewed.
2
approximately 250 km .
The Mumbwa tenement covers an area of
Within the Mumbwa tenement the main focus is on the Kitumba Deposit
(http://www.blackthornresources.com.au/projects/mumbwa/).
The prospecting project, previously held in joint venture with BHP Billiton, is now owned 100% by Blackthorn
AGES Gauteng
-6-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Resources with BHP Billiton retaining a 2% production royalty (http://www.blackthornresources.com.au/
projects/mumbwa/). The prospecting license is held for the following minerals:
Table 5: Minerals for which the prospecting license is held
Mineral
Copper
Gold
Uranium
Lead
Zinc
Silver
Phosphorus
Cobalt
Diamonds
Abbreviation
Cu
Au
U
Pb
Zn
Ag
P
Co
The location of the prospecting license is indicated in Figure 1, with the proposed mining site (the subject of
this EIS) indicated in Purple.
AGES Gauteng
-7-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 1: Regional Locality of the Prospecting License Area and Project Area
AGES Gauteng
-8-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
3
Environmental Impact Study
RELEVANT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
There are a number of regulatory requirements pertaining to environmental management to which the
proposed development will have to conform.
The Zambian Constitution (as amended by Act Number 18 of 1996) pledges:
“… to ourselves that we shall ensure that the State shall respect the rights and dignity of the
human family, uphold the laws of the State and conduct the affairs of the State in such a manner
as to preserve, develop, and utilise its resources for this and future generations.”
Thus all projects proposed within Zambia will have to conform to the principles of integrated environmental
management (IEM) in the interest of sustainable development within this constitutional framework. A brief
summary of the main relevant acts and statutory bodies responsible for environmental management in
Zambia are outlined below. The following paragraphs contain the findings of an internal legislative review
by AGES. Should professional legal advice be obtained during subsequent project phases, it may come to
light that additional environmental legislative requirements are applicable to the proposed project, in which
case additional licenses, permits or authorizations will have to be applied for by Blackthorn in due course
prior to the commencement of the project.
3.1
Policy and Legal Framework for EIA in Zambia
The primary legislation in Zambia in respect of environmental management and impact assessment is the
Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2011, under which the Zambia Environmental Management
Agency (ZEMA) is the relevant authority presiding over environmental management and EIAs in Zambia.
One of the key objectives of the EMA is to “provide for integrated environmental management and the
protection and conservation of the environment and the sustainable management and use of natural
resources”.
Before a developer can commence with an activity listed in the schedules attached to the EIA Regulations,
environmental authorization must be obtained from the ZEMA. This process involves the compilation of
an Environmental Impact Statement in accordance with Regulation 7(1) of the EIA Regulations.
This document is the Draft EIS Report and is presented to Interested and Affected Parties for comment
prior to submission to the ZEMA for decision-making purposes.
3.2
Environmental Authorization for Mining in Zambia
The Mines and Minerals Development Act of 2008 (MMDA) governs all mining operations within Zambia
and matters related thereto. Section 25 of the MMDA describes the requirements for an application for a
large scale mining license.
AGES Gauteng
-9-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
25. (5) An applicant shall commission and produce to the Director an environmental impact study
on the proposed mining operations approved by the Environmental Council of Zambia (now
ZEMA).
Thus this EIS report is also applicable to the required mining right application under the MMDA. The
Mines Safety Department (MSD), under the Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development, is responsible
for enforcing compliance to regulations on environmental conservation and the protection of human health
and safety during mining operations.
ZEMA and MSD work in consultation with each other on issues pertaining to environment and human
health in the mining sector.
3.3
Water Use Authorization
The Water Resources Management Act of Zambia (Act No. 21 of 2011) (WRMA) describes legislative
requirements for the use of water for mining purposes. The Act states which types of activities require
licensing of water use as follows:
71. Subject to this Act, a person who intends to—
a) use water for purposes specified under section sixty, other than for the domestic
purposes specified under section seventy;
b) construct, acquire any water works, impound, supply or distribute water from any water
works or borehole to any other person;
c) de-water any mine, quarry or water works;
d) drain any swamp, marsh, dambo, wetland, re-charge area or other land;
e) construct or acquire any water works for the purpose of draining into, conserving or
utilising, in any manner whatsoever, water from a water resource;
f)
construct water works necessary to restore the course of a water resource that has
changed its course;
g) harvest any rainwater by means of a dam, weir or barrage that is on a water resource;
h) conduct any operation that would interfere with the bank or course of a watercourse;
i)
sink, deepen or alter any borehole for any purpose in a water shortage area; or
j)
carry out any activity in relation to a water resource as may be prescribed;
shall apply for a permit and pay such charges, for the use of the water, as may be prescribed.
AGES Gauteng
-10-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
A water use permit must be applied for under Section 72 of the Act. Section 72 (3) of the Act states that
(3) Notwithstanding subsection (1), a person holding a permit or a licence under the Mines and Minerals
Development Act, 2008 who requires the use of water for mining purposes, shall make an application to
the Director of Mines, setting out the volume of water required, the nature of the proposed use and such
other information as may be prescribed.
An application for a water use permit for mining purposes will be handed in to the Director of Mines in
accordance with the above. The Director of Mines will assess the application and will thereafter forward
the application including his/her comments and recommendations to the Water User Association (WUA).
ZEMA, the Director of Mines and the Water Board / relevant WUA work in consultation with each other on
issues pertaining to environment and water use in the mining sector. This EIS report is therefore also in
support of an application for water use rights and contains all necessary and relevant information in this
regard.
3.4
Other Relevant Regulatory Requirements
Other legislation relevant to the project are listed and summarized in Table 6.
Table 6: Additional Relevant Legislation
Relevant Act
Description and Project Compliance
Authority
Air Pollution Control
(Licensing
and
Emission Standards)
Regulations, 1996 (SI
No. 141 of 1996).
The regulations set out licensing requirements for emissions to the
environment and ambient air quality guidelines and emission limits and
provides for licensing of point source polluters. Blackthorn will consult with
the ZEMA to confirm whether a license is required. Air quality monitoring at
the operations will have to be conducted throughout the life of the operations
to ensure that air quality and emission standards are not being exceeded.
ZEMA
Water
Pollution
Control (Effluent and
Waste
Water)
Regulations, 1993 (SI
No. 72 of 1993)
The Regulations set out the licensing requirements for effluent and
wastewater discharges to the environment and provide discharge limits.
Blackthorn has to apply for a license if they plan to discharge effluent or
wastewater into the environment.
ZEMA
Hazardous
Waste
Management
Regulations, 2001 (SI
No. 125 of 2001)
The Regulations set out requirements for the control and monitoring of
hazardous wastes. A Waste Register for the project has to be compiled by
Blackthorn to determine whether any waste generated is classified as
hazardous waste
ZEMA
Waste Management
(Licensing
of
Transporters of Waste
and Waste Disposal
Sites) Regulations,
1993 (SI No. 71 of
1993)
Sets out the licensing requirements for solid non-hazardous waste
transportation and operations of waste disposal sites. The project may not
require a license in terms of these regulations, but will have to ensure that the
transporter(s) of waste associated with the project, and the waste disposal
sites, are appropriately licensed.
ZEMA
National
Heritage
Conservation
Act,
1989
The Act provides for the establishment of the National Heritage and
conservation Commission (NHCC) responsible for the conservation and
management of heritage resources. If artefacts of cultural heritage value are
discovered at the Project site, they will be handled in accordance with the
provisions of the Act.
NHCC
Pesticides and Toxic
Substances
Regulations, 1994 (SI
No. 20 of 1994)
The legislation Provides for licensing importation, transportation, distribution,
storage, use and handling of pesticides and toxic substances. Hazardous
substances (including, but not limited to those used in the beneficiation plant,
and hydrocarbons, explosives etc.) will be associated with the project, and
therefore Blackthorn will have to apply and obtain appropriate licenses for
ZEMA
AGES Gauteng
-11-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Mines and Minerals
(Environmental
Protection
Fund)
Regulations, 1998 (SI
No. 102 of 1998)
The Land Act, 1995
The Local Government
Act, 1995 and Local
Government
(Amendment)
Act
2010
Town and Country
Planning Act, Chapter
283:
Forest Act, 1973
Public
1995
Health
Act,
Environmental Impact Study
storage, handling, etc., in accordance with the regulations.
The regulations provide a mechanism for setting up and operating the
Environmental Protection Fund. The Project will be subject to independent
annual environmental audits and evaluation with in order to determine the
company’s environmental performance and contribution towards the EPF.
Provides for the allocation of land into categories that include state, local
authority and traditional land. The land on which the proposed project is
situated is under the authority of Chief Kaindu and agreements between
relevant parties will have to be determined. Blackthorn is in possession of
prospecting rights over the tenement.
These Acts provide for the establishment of local councils and districts, and
specify the functions of local government, some of which relate pollution
control and environmental management. Blackthorn has and will continue to
liaise with the relevant local authorities and will have to comply with the
relevant by-laws enacted by these authorities.
The Act provides for the preparation, approval and revocation of development
plans by planning authorities, and for the control of development and
subdivision of land. Building plans for ancillary structures such as staff
households which will require approval from Mumbwa District Council.
The Act provides for the establishment and management of National Forests
and Local Forests and makes provision for the conservation and protection of
forests and trees. The Act also provides for the licensing and sale of forest
produce. It is also one of the legislative mechanisms for the implementation
of the Convention of Biological Diversity.
If rare trees specified in the Act are identified within the Project area, they will
be conserved and protected as far as possible.
PART XII of the Forests Act however states that “Nothing in this Act shall
affect the rights of the holder of a prospecting licence, exploration licence or
mining licence to take forest produce in accordance with the provisions of the
Mines and Minerals Act”. No licence application is therefore considered
necessary for the mining lease area at present, unless the relevant authorities
should indicate otherwise.
The Act relates mainly to the control and notification of infectious diseases,
sanitation and housing and places an obligation on all individuals and
property owners not to allow nuisance situations which could lead to the
spread of infectious diseases.
Employees at the project site may be housed on site in certain instances and
in surrounding villages in other cases, and it will be Blackthorn’s responsibility
to ensure that staff are aware of what constitutes an infectious disease and
what should be done in case of infectious diseases being detected.
Mines Safety
Department
(MSD)
Ministry
Lands
Ministry
of
Local
government
and Housing
Mumbwa
District
Council
Ministry
of
Tourism
Environment
and Natural
Resources
Ministry
of
Local
Government
and Housing
Explosives
Act,
(Volume 9 Chapter
115)
3.5
International and Regional Conventions and Agreements
Zambia is a signatory to a number of international and regional conventions. Those listed below include
some of the most important conventions and agreements in terms of sustainable development:
•
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, (1975)
The Convention aims at promoting conservation and sustainable use of wetlands and their resources.
AGES Gauteng
-12-
of
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
There are wetlands present on the project site and the finalization of the site layout should aim to avoid
impacts to these wetlands wherever possible.
•
Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972)
The Convention aims at ensuring the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and
transmission to future generations of cultural and natural heritage. No cultural, heritage or archaeological
sites have been identified on the project area itself.
•
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (ratified in 1993)
The objectives the Zambia’s National Biodiversity Action Plans include ensuring the conservation of a full
range of Zambia’s natural ecosystems through a network of protected areas, development and
implementation of strategies for conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use and management of
biological resources.
No Biological resources of significant conservation value have been identified on the project site, although
it is recommended that a biological offset be negotiated in order to compensate for biological diversity
which will be affected by the project. This is especially relevant in terms of the project’s proximity to
conservation areas.
•
Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal (Basel Convention) (1994)
Zambia has formally agreed to the Basel Convention which aims to protect human health and the
environment against the adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, movement and
disposal of hazardous waste. Additionally, many countries to whom hazardous waste may be sent have
ratified the Basel Convention and the provisions thereof will have to be heeded in the waste management
practices of the project.
•
Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Trans-boundary
Movement of Hazardous Wastes within Africa (Bamako Convention)
Zambia has also signed the 1991 Bamako Convention although the ratification has yet to be finalised. The
convention is supplementary to the Basel Convention and covers movement of hazardous waste into or
between signatory African countries. The provisions of the convention will have to be considered in the
preparation of the waste management plan.
3.6
Summary
Licenses and permits that have thus far been identified in terms of environmental management legislation
that are required in terms of the development of the proposed project are:
•
Environmental Authorisation (ZEMA)
AGES Gauteng
-13-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
•
Mining Right (ZEMA and the MMDA)
•
Water Use Authorisation (ZEMA and the Water Board and/or WUA)
No other required permits or licenses have been identified at this time in terms of environmental legislation
applicable to the project.
AGES Gauteng
-14-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
4
Environmental Impact Study
DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The following section provides a description of the Land tenure and Location (including distances and
nature of businesses of surrounding community, satellite images and maps), and objectives of the project.
The main site activities associated with the various project phases are described, together with the
proposed process and technologies to be employed at the project site. The raw materials and supplies
associated with the project, as well as the products and by-products are also included.
4.1
Land tenure and location
The project site is located in the Mumbwa District, Central Province, Zambia, approximately 210 km
northwest of the capital Lusaka (Figure 1). The project site is located in a rural area, with the closest large
town, Mumbwa, approximately 50 km south east of the site. The closest settlements to the site are
Kafucamo and Mpundu. The villages of Kaindu and Kalenda are located to the East and North East of the
resource area. These settlements form part of the Kaonde tribe under the leadership of Chief Kaindu.
The proposed mining site is located within the boundaries of the Blackthorn prospecting license 8589-HQLPL (See Figure 1).
Access to the site from Lusaka is gained via approximately 160 km of well-maintained westerly paved road
(M9) to Mumbwa, followed by approximately 50 km of dirt road (D181) northwest from Mumbwa. The
nearest railhead and nearest commercial airport is at Lusaka, while registered airstrips are located at
Mumbwa and at Hippo Lodge in the Kafue National Park. Road conditions between Lusaka and Mumbwa
are fairly good. Road conditions between Mumbwa and the project site are very poor. A Traffic Specialist
has been appointed and consultation with the Road Development Agency (RDA) has confirmed that they
are planning to construct the D181 including the section relevant to this project towards the end of 2014.
No established power supply exists within the study area. ZESCO is in the process of constructing a rural
power network as part of its regional electrification program. They are also initiating the construction of a
high voltage (330 kV) power line from the Mumbwa substation through Kasempa to the First Quantum
Minerals (FQM) Kalumbila Project in the Northwest Province. The Kitumba area does receive weak
cellular phone coverage due to its elevation. Elevation ranges from approximately 1100 to 1400 meters
above mean sea level (mamsl).
The project site is approximately 5 km from the Mushingashi Conservancy border at the closest point
(linear distance) and approximately 5.5 km from the Kafue National Park at the closest point (linear
distance). No agriculture is allowed within these areas and the area is infested with tsetse fly. Population
and livestock farming are therefore limited in the surroundings.
Minor tourism and licensed hunting are practiced in the surrounding areas (Robertson, Hall, & Gallant,
2012). There are existing mining operations in close proximity to the site which are not thought to be legal
and it appears that these operations have resulted in significant ecological damage and considerably
unsafe environments. This is discussed in more detail under Section 5.7.2 of this report.
AGES Gauteng
-15-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Surrounding land uses in relation to the project site are illustrated in Figure 2.
4.2
Project objectives and motivation
Zambia plays an important role in the global copper mining industry. The country contains the largest
known reserves of copper in Africa, holding 6% of known copper reserves in the world (The World Bank,
2011).
The Wold Bank (2011) reports that copper also plays a critical role in Zambia’s economy, but that Zambia
as a country could benefit more from the mining industry. Zambia has relied on mining for its development
ever since commercial copper mining started in 1928 (Lungu, 2009).
The Kitumba deposit (target mining resource for this project) represents a viable resource for mining in
terms of the current resource estimates. The results of the latest drilling campaigns have confirmed the
existence of a substantial mineralized Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) deposit at Kitumba and the
presence of a significant high grade core to the deposit (Robertson, Hall, & Gallant, 2012).
It is currently estimated that the construction phase work force will be approximately 500 people, and the
operational phases will generate employment for approximately 400 people or more. Preference will be
given to the employment of local community members where possible, and the employment of females will
be encouraged.
The principal project objective is thus to exploit the Kitumba IOCG mineral reserve in an economically
viable and environmentally sustainable manner for the benefit of shareholders as well as current and
future generations of Zambians, causing the minimum possible ecological damage while bringing
economic opportunities to Zambia in the areas surrounding the development site.
AGES Gauteng
-16-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 2: The project site surroundings
AGES Gauteng
-17-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
4.3
Environmental Impact Study
Main site activities and processes, materials, products and by-products
associated with the project phases
The Mumbwa area has numerous historic artisanal copper mines dating from the late 19th century and
has been explored for large Iron Oxide Copper Gold (IOCG) style deposits since the mid-1990s
(http://www.blackthornresources.com.au/projects /mumbwa/).
The current prospecting activities on the site as described above involve extensive drilling programmes
over a variety of phases, with data interpretation phases occurring in between. The site has thus been
experiencing a cycle of drilling programmes and care and maintenance status
The exploration camp was constructed by BHP Billiton at the start of exploration activities and is still in
use. It is planned that the camp will be expanded and upgraded to accommodate the proposed mining
project as well. The camp has generator-supplied electricity and running water (reportedly not potable
although some of the locals do drink from the taps without ill effect) as well as septic tank sewerage
systems, a fully equipped kitchen, accommodation facilities and fully functional office facilities. The Core
shed is also located at the camp.
4.3.1
Site establishment Construction Phase
Due to the prospecting activities occurring at the project site, much of the activities typically associated
with site establishment will be carried over to the proposed mining project. Activities associated with the
construction phase would include fencing of the entire mining site and provision of appropriate and
secured access; vegetation clearance and construction of roads and site infrastructure (offices,
accommodation facilities and the processing plant etc.).
The proposed layout of the project site is illustrated in Figure 3.
The existing and proposed
accommodation facilities are illustrated in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
The majority of supplies (food, cleaning detergents, bottled water etc.) are and will continue to be
sources from Lusaka. Local produce is purchased in Mumbwa where possible. Domestic waste is
removed by a contractor and disposed of at Landfill. This practice will likely continue in the operational
phase although recycling options are encouraged.
AGES Gauteng
-18-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 3: Proposed site layout
AGES Gauteng
-19-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Figure 4: Existing exploration camp
Figure 5: Proposed on-site accommodation
AGES Gauteng
-20-
Environmental Impact Study
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
4.3.2
Environmental Impact Study
Operational Phase
The proposed project entails an underground mining operation using a sub-level caving mining method
at a 3 mega tons per annum (Mtpa) production rate. Twin declines will be used for access and haulage
The copper to be mined is primarily sulphide (secondary chalcocite and primary chalcopyrite), and oxide
is lesser component The process plant will produce both cathode copper and copper concentrate to be
shipped off site by road truck. All waste material from the Processing Plant facilities will report to the
TSF as thickened Tailings.
Under normal operating condition no surface discharge of process water or rainfall will occur from the
tailings storage facility with water recycled to the process plant for reuse in the process circuit. In the
event of extreme rainfall of greater than 1 in 100 year average recurrence interval there is the potential
for water to be discharged from the tailings storage facility via an engineered spillway which has been
designed to pass flows up to the probably maximum flood (~1 in 100,000 year recurrence interval). This
water will be directed through an engineered discharge channel to a point at which the discharge cannot
result in erosion or damage to the tailings storage facility or other infrastructure and will then be release
to the natural creek system located to the south west of the tailings storage facility. On closure after the
tailings beach has been covered and rehabilitated rainfall which falls on the facility will also be
discharged through the same engineered spillway and discharge channel to the natural creek system.
On site facilities will include underground mining (Sub-Level Caving); processing plant; water storage
facilities; waste dump; and a tailings facility. Water supply and power supply infrastructure will also be
included, as well as haul roads, access road(s) and conveyors where appropriate. Additionally, office
facilities and employee housing and associated infrastructure are to be located on the site. The existing
exploration camp will serve as an ideal base for providing the first of these facilities but will be expanded
/ upgraded as necessary. It is currently estimated that the construction phase work force will be
approximately 500 people, and the operational phases will generate employment for approximately 400
people. The project will aim to provide equal opportunity to women in mining and related operations
where feasible. Employees will be able to travel to the site by bus (service and vehicles to be supplied
by the project proponent) from Mumbwa and Lusaka.
Plant-related machinery will include trucks, loaders, production drills, tool-carriers, graders and light
vehicles. A brief description of the major equipment used and the process steps is given below:
•
Primary ore crushing
•
Grinding and classification
•
Rougher flotation to produce a bulk concentrate
•
Acid leaching of bulk rougher concentrate
•
Filtration of leached concentrate with filtrate processed by solvent extraction and electrowinning
AGES Gauteng
-21-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
(SXEW) to produce copper cathode
•
Neutralisation of filtrate residue followed by secondary flotation of filtrate residue
•
Secondary flotation concentrate regrind and two stages of cleaner flotation to produce a copper
concentrate
•
Copper concentrate thickening, filtration and stockpiling
•
Tailings thickening and disposal
Personnel on site will include site supervisors, operators, drivers, drillers, a service crew, general
workers, the mine management, foreman, engineers, supervisors, geologists, administrative and
support staff, safety and training staff, maintenance staff, leading hands and fitters. It is recommended
that an Environmental Manager should also form part of the on-site personnel, although this function
may be fulfilled by a designated person along with his/her other responsibilities. Personnel during the
operational phase will be approximately 280 people on site at any given time. During construction there
will be approximately 350 people on site. Preference will be given to the employment of Zambian
citizens where possible, and skills development training will form an integral part of mine operations.
Sub-level caving extracts ore via sublevels developed in the ore body at regular spacing. Minimal
blasting, all underground, is involved during normal operations, and during the first two years of preproduction there will be blasting throughout the mine development, approximately 95 % of the blasting
occurring underground. Sub-level caving is associated with a subsistence effect above the mining zone.
The approximate area of the subsidence zone is 80 hectares (the subsidence cone). A buffer zone of
100 meters around the subsistence cone will also be implemented.
4.3.2.1
Detailed description of the operational phase and process design
Primary Crushing and Stockpiling: Run-of-mine (ROM) ore will be reclaimed from the ROM stockpile
by front-end loader (FEL) and fed into the ROM bin from where it will be fed, by an apron feeder, into a
jaw crusher. The crushed ore will be transported by the surge bin feed conveyor to the surge bin.
A 200 mm static grizzly positioned over the ROM bin will prevent rocks or trash from entering the bin and
a rock breaker will be installed to break oversize material. The ROM bin will have a surge capacity of
approximately 150 t or 0.5 hours.
Ore from the surge bin, which has a capacity of approximately 150 t, is fed by a variable speed apron
feeder onto the SAG mill feed conveyor. A weightometer installed on the conveyor will control the speed
of the apron feeder to achieve the desired mill feed rate as set by the operator.
In order to maintain steady operation through the primary crusher when the surge bin is full an overflow
chute allows material to feed onto the emergency stockpile feed conveyor for discharge onto the
AGES Gauteng
-22-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
emergency stockpile. A weightometer installed on the emergency stockpile feed conveyor monitors the
amount of ore sent to the emergency stockpile. Material is reclaimed from the emergency stockpile by
FEL and will be fed to the SAG mill feed conveyor via a hopper located over the conveyor.
A dust collection system will be installed on the stockpile feed conveyor at the jaw crusher discharge to
reduce airborne dust around the primary crusher area.
A clean-up hopper will be provided to allow scats and other spillage to be returned to the SAG mill feed
conveyor using a skid-steer loader. Drive-in style sump pumps will service the area to facilitate area
clean-up. The sump pumps will deliver spillage hosed into the sump to the cyclone feed hopper located
in the grinding area.
Grinding & Classification (PFDs 3135-F-201 & 202)
The circuit will consist of a SAG mill operating in open circuit with a ball mill operating in closed circuit
with a cyclone cluster.
The SAG mill will be 8.53 m diameter x 4.35 m EGL mill, with a 6 MW variable speed motor. The mill
will operate with between 8 and 13% ball charge. Ore will be fed to the ball mill at a controlled rate,
nominally 375 dry tph, and water added to the feed chute to achieve the desired mill discharge density.
Feed to the SAG mill will have a F80 of 137 mm.
The ball mill will be 6.10 m diameter x 9.05 m EGL mill, with a 6 MW variable speed motor. The mill will
operate with between 29 and 36% ball charge.
Product from the SAG mill will discharge over a trommel with 20 mm apertures. Trommel oversize will
be screened with screen oversize discharging onto the scats conveyor which feed the recycle crusher.
Product from the recycle crusher will be returned to the SAG mill feed conveyor.
SAG mill trommel undersize will gravitate to the cyclone feed hopper where it will be combined with ball
mill trommel undersize before being pumped to the primary cyclone cluster by cyclone feed pumps
operating in a duty / standby configuration. A density gauge on the cyclone feed line will be used to
control the cyclone feed density by controlling the addition of dilution water to the cyclone feed hopper.
The cyclone cluster will be a fully manual operation with manual valves and local pressure indication.
Cyclone underflow will be directed to the ball mill feed chute whilst the overflow will be directed to the
trash screen ahead of the rougher flotation.
Two vertical spindle sump pumps, one located at the feed end of the mills and another at the discharge
end of the mills will service the area. The concrete floor under the mill area will slope to the sumps to
facilitate clean-up.
Grinding media for the SAG mill will be introduced to the SAG feed conveyor from the SAG mill ball
charge hopper located over the conveyor. Ball mill grinding media will be introduced by use of a ball
AGES Gauteng
-23-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
charging hoist located on the cyclone tower. Balls will be charged using a kibble.
Primary Rougher Flotation and Filtration: The cyclone overflow will pass over a linear screen to
remove foreign material prior to rougher flotation. Trash will report to the trash bunker where it will be
periodically removed by skid-steer loader. Slurry will gravitate from the linear screen underpan through
a linear sampler, which will take a continuous sample to feed the On-Stream Analyser (OSA). The
remainder of the stream will flow to the rougher flotation cells.
Slurry from the sampling unit will gravitate into the sulphide rougher conditioning tank where PAX
(collector) and MIBC (frother) will be added. Process water will also be added to dilute the slurry to the
appropriate density. The sulphide rougher conditioning tank discharges to the head of a bank of four
sulphide rougher flotation cells, 100 m3 forced air tank cells, arranged in series. Sulphide rougher
concentrate will gravitate into the rougher concentrate hopper with sulphide rougher tailings gravitating
to the oxide rougher condition tank.
In the oxide rougher conditioning tank additional collector and frother will be added together with the
sulphidising reagent sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS). NaHS is used to sulphidise the surface of oxide
minerals so that they will respond to flotation with “normal” collectors. The oxide rougher conditioning
tank discharges to the head of a bank of four oxide rougher flotation cells, 100 m3 forced air tank cells,
arranged in series. Oxide rougher concentrate will gravitate into the oxide rougher concentrate hopper
from where it will be pumped to rougher concentrate hopper. Oxide rougher tailings will be directed to
the final tails hopper.
Rougher concentrate feed pumps operating in duty / standby mode transfer rougher concentrate to the
rougher concentrate filter feed tank from where rougher concentrate filter feed pumps operating in duty /
standby mode pump the rougher concentrate to the rougher concentrate filter press.
Filtrate from the filter will be collected in the rougher concentrate filtrate tank from where it will be
pumped by one of two rougher concentrate filtrate pumps operating in duty / standby mode to the final
tails hopper. Residue (filter cake) from the filter will be discharged onto the rougher concentrate transfer
conveyor which will discharge the rougher concentrate residue into the concentrate leach surge tank.
Vertical spindle sump pumps in both the sulphide rougher and oxide rougher areas collect spillage in
that area and pump it to either the appropriate conditioning tank or the final tails hopper.
Concentrate Leach and Filtration: The rougher concentrate will be slurried in the concentrate leach
surge tank with sulphuric acid and raffinate (acidic solution from solvent extraction) before being
pumped to the first of three agitated concentrate leach tanks arranged in series. Flow between the
leach tanks will be by cascading of the overflow. The purpose of the acid is to leach acid soluble copper
from the concentrate into solution.
AGES Gauteng
-24-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Leached slurry discharging from the 3rd concentrate leach tank will flow into the leach filter feed surge
tank from where it will be pumped by one of two pumps operating in duty / standby mode to the leach
filter press. Filtrate from the filter press will be collected in the PLS surge tank from where it will be
pumped by one of two PLS transfer pumps operating in duty / standby mode to the PLS pond. Raffinate
will be used as a wash solution through the filter press.
Residue (filter cake) from the filter press will be discharged from the filter onto the leach residue transfer
conveyor which will discharge the residue into the first of four agitated neutralisation tanks.
A vertical spindle sump pump in area collects spillage and pumps it to the concentrate leach surge tank.
Neutralisation and Secondary Rougher Flotation: Leach filter residue will be neutralised by the
addition of lime slurry in a series of four neutralisation tanks. Flow between the leach tanks will be by
cascading of the overflows. Neutralisation is necessary to remove excess acid from the slurry prior to
the next flotation stage.
Secondary sulphide flotation feed pumps operating in duty / standby mode pump the neutralised slurry to
the secondary sulphide rougher conditioning tank. Two vertical spindle sump pumps located at either
end of the area collect spillage and pump it into the neutralisation circuit.
Provision is made for the addition of frother, collector, lime and process water to the neutralised slurry in
the secondary sulphide rougher conditioning tank which discharges to the head of a bank of four
3
secondary sulphide rougher flotation cells, 20 m forced air tank cells, arranged in series. Secondary
sulphide rougher concentrate will gravitate into the secondary sulphide rougher concentrate hopper from
where it will be pumped to the regrind circuit by one of two secondary sulphide rougher concentrate
pumps operating in duty / standby mode. Secondary sulphide rougher tailings flow into the secondary
sulphide rougher tails hopper from where it will be pumped to the final tails hopper by one of two
secondary sulphide rougher tails pumps operating in duty / standby mode.
A vertical spindle sump pump will service this area for spillage clean-up.
Regrind and Cleaner Flotation: Secondary sulphide rougher concentrate and sulphide regrind mill
discharge will be combined in the sulphide regrind cyclone feed hopper before being pumped by one of
two sulphide regrind cyclone feed pumps operating in duty / standby mode to the sulphide regrind
cyclone cluster. The cyclone cluster will be a fully manual operation with manual valves and local
pressure indication. Cyclone underflow will be directed to the sulphide regrind mill whilst the overflow
will be directed to sulphide cleaner 1 flotation bank.
The sulphide regrind mill operates in closed circuit with the cyclone cluster. Grinding media will be added
to the regrind mill via a kibble discharging balls into the underflow launder of the cyclone cluster.
The regrind area will be serviced by one vertical spindle sump pump in the area.
Sulphide cleaner 1 will be a bank of 5 forced air trough cells, while Sulphide cleaner 2 will be a single
AGES Gauteng
-25-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
forced air trough cell. Provision is made for the addition of collector, frother and lime at the feed box
ahead of the bank. Concentrate will gravitate to the sulphide cleaners concentrate hoppers from where
it will be pumped by one of two sulphide cleaner concentrate pumps operating in duty / standby mode to
the feed box of the sulphide cleaner 2 flotation cell or the feed box of the concentrate thickener
respectively. Sulphide cleaner 1 tails will be directed to the final tails hopper. Sulphide cleaner 2 tails
gravitate to sulphide cleaner 2 tails hopper from where it will be pumped by one of two sulphide cleaner
concentrate pumps operating in duty / standby mode to the feed box of sulphide cleaner 1 flotation bank.
Vertical spindle sump pumps in the regrind area and cleaner area service each area.
Concentrate Thickening and Filtration: Secondary sulphide concentrate will be pumped to the feed
box of the 6 m diameter high rate thickener concentrate thickener where it will be mixed with a dilute
flocculant. Thickener underflow at 60% solids by weight will be pumped by thickener underflow pumps
in a duty / standby arrangement to the concentrate storage tank. Thickener overflow will gravitate to the
concentrate thickener overflow tank from where it will be pumped to the process water pond for re-use in
the process.
Concentrate will be pumped from the storage tank, which has sufficient capacity for 12 h of filter feed, by
filter feed pumps in a duty / standby arrangement, to the concentrate filter - an automatic pressure filter.
Filtrate will be collected in the filtrate tank from where it will be returned to the concentrate thickener by
filtrate pumps operating in a duty / standby arrangement. “Dry” concentrate will be discharged from the
filter onto the concentrate conveyor for transport to the concentrate stockpile. Vertical spindle sump
pumps in both the concentrate thickener area and filter area service these areas for spillage clean-up.
Tailings Disposal: Oxide rougher tails together with secondary sulphide rougher tails and sulphide
cleaner 1 tails will be pumped to the feed box of the 23 m diameter high rate tailings thickeners where
they will be mixed with dilute flocculant and rougher concentrate filtrate. Thickener underflow at 50%
solids by weight will be pumped to the tailings storage facility by one of two sets of two stage tails pumps
operating in a duty / standby arrangement. Thickener overflow will gravitate to the process water tank
for re-use in the process. A single vertical spindle sump pump will service this area for spillage cleanup.
The process flow is illustrated in Figure 6. The addition of lime to the process will ensure that
neutralisation of the waste stream and thus address the possibility of acid mine drainage occurring. The
lime will be sourced as hydrated lime from an offsite supplier.
The Life of Mine (LoM) is not expected to exceed 20 years and is currently planned to be 11 + years.
Product will consist of copper cathode as well as wet copper sulphide concentrate. 33,000 tonnes per
annum of copper cathode and ~ 24,000 tonnes per annum of wet copper sulphide concentrate is
planned to be shipped from site by road truck. The current assumption is that the concentrates will be
placed with local Zambian smelters on the Copperbelt (via Lusaka most likely), while the cathodes will
be transported to an appropriate port such as Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) or Durban (South Africa) for
export (also probably via Lusaka).
AGES Gauteng
-26-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
The following specific information applies to the process flow diagram:
Table 7: Specific information in terms of the process flow
Particle size reduction
Refer to the descriptions above
Types of crushers
Refer to the descriptions above
Reagents to be used
The following reagents will be used as described
above (sourced from off-site suppliers unless
otherwise indicated)
•
Frother (MIBC)
•
PAX
•
Flocculant
•
NaHS (Sodium Hydrosulphide)
•
Extractant
•
Diluent
•
Hydrated Lime
•
Guar
•
Cobalt Sulphate
•
Sulphuric Acid
Types of leaching vessels and process
Please refer to the process description above
where these processes are discussed in detail
Capacity of the copper electro winning plant and
the amount of electricity needed
The process design for the solvent extraction –
electrowinning plant has been based on the
Production of 33,000 tpa copper with the following
electricity requirements:
69000 Amps, 184 Volts
The method used when drying the copper
concentrate and the moisture content of the
copper sulphide concentrate
Refer to the process description above
Clarify the type of lime to be used for neutralization
Hydrated lime from an external supplier
AGES Gauteng
-27-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 6: Process flow diagram
AGES Gauteng
-28-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
4.3.3
Environmental Impact Study
Closure Phase
The rehabilitation, closure and aftercare plan will be associated with the following primary activities:
•
Dismantling of the processing plant, administrative facilities, workshops and other buildings,
which will involve the removal of all equipment for salvage or re-sale. Items with no salvage
value to the mine, but which might have value to individuals will be sold. Any fixed assets that
can be profitably removed, will also be removed for salvage or resale. All remaining items will
be treated as waste and disposed of in a designated waste disposal area.
•
All rubble and waste from the dismantling of the processing plant will be disposed of in a
designated waste disposal area. This excludes any tailings or slurry dam materials;
•
All structures are to be demolished or dismantled, and foundations to be removed to a minimum
of 500 mm below the natural ground level. All excavations will be filled with 350 mm waste rock
from the stockpiled waste material and 150 mm topsoil. Terraced areas will be cut back to a
slope incline of no more than 18º; and the entire disturbed area will be ripped to a depth of
500 mm, covered with topsoil and vegetated.
•
Roads will be ripped, reshaped, covered with 150 mm topsoil and vegetated. Access portals to
decline shafts will be sealed with a double-layered reinforced brick wall with concrete
foundation. A 1Q thick reinforced concrete plug will be used to seal ventilation shafts. All
structures and ventilation equipment are to be demolished, with all terracing and foundations to
be removed to a minimum of 500 mm below the natural ground level. All excavation will be
filled with 400 mm waste rock and the entire rehabilitated area will be covered with 100 mm
topsoil. This applies to the area where the ventilation infrastructure has been removed. Any
other disturbed areas will be ripped to a depth of 500 mm, covered with 100 mm topsoil and
vegetated.
•
The waste dump will remain post-closure, but all dump slopes will be reshaped from 24° to an
18 ° incline angle. Run-off control benches will be constructed on dump slopes at 35 m
intervals to prevent storm water damage on the dump slope. The entire dump slope surface will
be covered with a minimum of 100 mm topsoil and vegetated. This will serve as both a
rainwater penetration cover and a dust fallout prevention measure.
Paddocks will be
constructed on the dump top surface to assist with evaporation and ensure the prevention of
rainwater overtopping. Surface water diversions around the WRD footprint will be left in place
during and post the mining operations as part of the general operational mining infrastructure;
•
The TSF will remain post-closure, and if not constructed as such, the TSF walls will be
reshaped to a slope incline of 18°. Run-off control benches will be constructed at 25 m intervals
to prevent storm water damage on the dump slope;
AGES Gauteng
-29-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
•
Environmental Impact Study
The entire TSF wall surface will be covered with 100 mm topsoil and vegetated to serve as an
evaporative cover and prevent dust-fallout. Paddocks will be constructed on the top surface to
assist with evaporation and ensure the prevention of rainwater overtopping;
•
Surface water diversions around the TSF footprints will be left in place; and any associated
equipment will be removed and disposed of.
•
General surface rehabilitation will involve the reshaping of terraced land to a maximum 18°
incline angle and to resemble the natural topography.
All disturbed areas not covered
specifically in the details of the closure and rehabilitation plan will at least be ripped to a depth of
500 mm, covered with 150 mm topsoil and vegetated.
•
Fencing which has become redundant will be dismantled and removed for salvage. Where
fencing is to be installed for post-closure safety, dismantled fencing will be used first. All
concrete fence foundations will be demolished to 500 mm below original ground level. All fence
lines are to be ripped to a depth of 500 mm, covered with 150 mm topsoil and vegetated where
required.
•
Water related infrastructure will remain post closure and be transferred to a suitable
authority/owner.
•
It is recommended that a geotechnical study be done to determine the stability of the
depression which will inform the rehabilitation of the zone of subsidence. Depending on
the geotechnical findings it is proposed that either:
o
The area be fenced off and handled as an open pit, if considered too unstable to
rehabilitate. The sustainability of a fence is not beyond a decade, therefore
o
A waste rock berm that would limit access by livestock such as cattle and especially
people should be developed around the depression. This is however expected to be
costly and needs to be assessed during future project phases. For example the waste
rock could be dumped closer to the area of depression in order to be available postclosure.
o
If stability allows standard rehabilitation measures could be implemented such as the
area being ripped, levelled, covered with topsoil and vegetated thereafter but this is
dependent on the findings of the geotechnical investigation.
4.3.4
The storage and Management of Chemicals, explosives and hazardous wastes
The process uses a number of chemicals/reagents that require an electrical hazardous area
classification, HAC, to be performed in particular this applies to the following reagents:
AGES Gauteng
-30-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
•
Kerosene
•
MIBC
•
Xanthate
Environmental Impact Study
A detailed HAC, including other reagents, will be completed during subsequent phases of project
development. Options may exist to substitute for some regents with non-hazardous equivalents.
In general, areas for the storage of chemicals or hydrocarbons which could cause pollution by accidental
spillage have to be in a designated area designed for this purpose. Specifically the area has to be
bunded, and the flooring material has to be impervious and directed to a sump. The bunded are should
be able to contain 1 ½ times the volume of the liquid stored in the bund.
Hazardous wastes will also be stored in designated areas, in closed containers but will be stored for the
shortest possible time period before being removed off site and disposed of at a registered/licensed
facility.
The Environmental Management Act, 2011 contains the following definitions specifically pertaining to
hazardous waste, explosives and toxic substances including chemicals:
“Toxic substance” means chemical material, including an object or article, which is poisonous,
corrosive, irritant, explosive, inflammable or harmful to human beings, animals, plants or the
environment;
"hazardous waste" means waste which is poisonous, corrosive, irritant, explosive, inflammable,
toxic or other substance or thing that is harmful to human beings, animals, plants or the
environment;”
The Explosives Act “makes provision for regulating control over the manufacture, use, possession,
storage, importation, exportation, transportation and destruction of explosives; and to provide for matters
incidental thereto or connected therewith”
In accordance with the relevant legislation, the use of explosives on site is to be controlled, and
explosives should only be handled and used by qualified designated persons.
Section 7 (1) of the Act prohibits the importation and exportation of explosives into or from the Republic,
unless written authority has been obtained from the Chief Inspector. The project proponent will
therefore have to obtain such permission if explosives are to be imported.
Section 3 (1) of the Act states that “Every person having in his possession or under his control any
explosive shall take all precautions which, having regard to the purpose for which such explosive is
lawfully used, are reasonable, to ensure that such explosive is not lost or stolen or is not at any time
available to any person not lawfully entitled to possess or use such explosive.”
AGES Gauteng
-31-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
This implies that the explosives storage magazine at the project site has to be secure at all times.
The Explosives Regulations provides specifically for Transportation of explosives (Part iii and iv),
storage of explosives (Part v), acquisition of explosives (Part vi), the use of explosives (Part viii) and
other related and relevant matters. These regulations will be strictly adhered to on the project site,
including applying and obtaining all relevant licenses for transportation, possession, use and storage of
explosives prior to such actions taking place on the site.
The following will apply specifically to explosives management at the proposed project:
1) Emulsion is likely the best explosive for use in stoping (not least because it is not sensitive to
water). Emulsion can be delivered to (or manufactured at) site in two components which are
categorised as dangerous goods. Consequently emulsion is not to be stored at the magazine.
2) The quantity of explosive required for development is significantly lower than that required for
stoping. From the project schedule, it peaks at about 22t per week.
3) The site will require a surface magazine at the beginning of the project, which could possibly be
replaced after approximately 2 years by an underground magazine.
4) A magazine compound of around 50m x 50m will be required, which could be sufficient for 2
magazine containers. Explosives would be separated into two different containers:
a. blasting agents/explosives where the bulk of the mass would be stored; and
b. Initiating systems (i.e. detonators).
5) An explosive storage requirement of 25t/week will apply: Cap115, Explosives Act Zambia Second Schedule – the magazine should be located 250m from any site buildings or facilities,
325m from a potential emulsion plant and around 650m from any public facilities or works.
Licensed explosive storage facilities in Zambia are required to be bunded with an earth wall
equal to the height of the storage facility. These requirements will be strictly adhered to.
6) The currently planned position of the magazine on the surface plan (See Page 22 of Appendix
3-5) is located approximately 1000m away from other site infrastructure, with earth bunding,
fencing and lightning protection.
4.4
Project water balance
The project’s make-up water requirements of 4,177m3/d (48 ℓ/s) could be obtained from a number of
alternative sources as discussed under section 8.5.1 of this report. The project water balance is
indicated in Figure 7. This is a conservative chart as dewatering and stormwater are not taken into
account.
For additional detail on the environmental water balance, please refer to the Hydrogeological report,
contained in Appendix 3.
AGES Gauteng
-32-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 7: Project water balance chart
AGES Gauteng
-33-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5
Environmental Impact Study
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STUDY
The information contained in the following Section describes the baseline (current and existing) environmental
conditions at the proposed mining site. In each case a description of the regional conditions are included
where applicable in order to understand the proposed project site in context.
The baseline environmental description was sourced from Desktop studies, aerial photographs, other EIAs
that have been conducted in the nearby surroundings in the past, and a number of specialist studies
conducted on site as listed in Table 8. A comprehensive list of sources referenced is contained in Section 13
of this report.
Table 8: Specialist involvement in the EIS
Specialist Field
Company
Author(s)
Lead EIA Consultant
Africa Geo Environmental
Services Gauteng (Pty) Ltd –
“AGES”
Michael Grobler
Air
Quality
Assessment
Impact
Airshed Planning Professionals
(Pty) Ltd
Lelani Stolp
H Liebenberg-Enslin and
N Gresse
Ecology and Biodiversity
AGES Gauteng
Dr BJ Henning
Heritage and Archaeology
AGES Gauteng
Neels Kruger
Hydro-Geology
Impact
Assessment and water
supply options analysis
AGES Gauteng
Dr. JJP Vivier;
R Hansen;
JFW Mostert;
M Hill and
F Meyer
Mine Closure and
Rehabilitation
REDE
Engineering
&
Management Services (Pty) Ltd
N de Lange and
C F Theron
Noise Impact Assessment
Acusolv
Dr. Ben van Zyl
Social
Ptersa
Environmental
Management Consultants
San-Marie Aucamp and
Ilse Aucamp
Soils, Land Capability and
Agricultural Potential
AGES Gauteng (Pty) Ltd
Dr BJ Henning
Traffic
Corli Havenga
Engineers
Cobus Havenga
Visual Impact Assessment
Newtown Landscape Architects
Transportation
Mitha Cillliers and
Graham Young
Wetlands
AGES Gauteng
AGES Gauteng (Pty) Ltd
-34-
Dr BJ Henning
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.1
5.1.1
Environmental Impact Study
Climate
Regional Climatic Conditions
Zambia is situated in a subtropical climate generally described as pleasant tropical, but seldom unpleasantly
hot outside of the valleys (Henning B. J., May 2013). Chapman & Walmsley, 2003, describes three distinct
seasons prevalent in Zambia, namely the cool dry season (April/May to August), the hot dry season (August to
November); and the rainy season or warm wet season (November to April).
The cool dry season experiences maximum temperatures between 24.5ºC and 27ºC and minimum
temperatures ranging between 6.9ºC to 10.4ºC (Mndaweni, Vermeulen, & Rowland, 2009). In depressions,
radiation frosts occur on cloudless nights (Henning, 2012). Night frost also occurs in places sheltered from
the wind (Henning B. J., May 2013). The countryside dries up gradually and grass fires, fanned by high winds,
are a feature of this time of the year.
The hot dry season is associated with a marked rise in temperatures, but new plant growth is witnessed even
prior to the first rains. This season is also the main growing period for woody vegetation in the region
(Henning B. J., May 2013).
During the warm wet or rainy season mean maximum temperatures vary between 27ºC and 31.4ºC while
minimum temperatures range from 13.8ºC to 17.8ºC (Mndaweni, Vermeulen, & Rowland, 2009). There are
frequent heavy rains and thunderstorms during this time of year, followed by spells of bright sunshine. Except
for very rare showers in August, rain is confined to the wet season, which sometimes starts as early as
October and finishes as early as March. At the height of the rainy season, it rains on seven or eight days out of
ten.
The mean annual temperature ranges between 18–20ºC (Chapman & Walmsley, 2003). Average annual
precipitation for the region is estimated at 890 mm (Mndaweni, Vermeulen, & Rowland, 2009). Nationally,
annual rainfall decreases from an average of 1,000 mm in the northern parts of the country to an average of
600 mm in the south (Chapman & Walmsley, 2003).
5.1.2
Climate of the project area
The project site is located in a medium-rainfall area on what is termed the ‘central plateau’ with rainfall
between 800 to 1000 mm per annum (Henning, 2012). Lightning is observed regularly. The altitude ranges
from 1 000 m to 1 500 m and the climate is described as mild with temperatures rarely exceeding 35˚C.
Average temperatures are moderated by the height of the plateau (Robertson, Hall, & Gallant, 2012) (Henning
B. J., May 2013).
Maximum temperatures in the cool season range from 15˚C to 27˚C while minimum temperatures vary from 6
˚C to 10˚C. Occasional frost occurs on calm nights in valleys and hollows which are sheltered from the wind.
Prevailing winds during this season are dry south-easterlies and cause cloudy to overcast conditions (Henning
B. J., May 2013). During the hot season maximum temperatures may range from 27˚C to 35˚C.
AGES Gauteng
-35-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Mean annual temperature ranges between 18 and 20˚C. The highest annual average temperature is 32˚C and
the lowest temperature averages 4˚C.
The average monthly rainfall and maximum and minimum temperature variation for Mumbwa is presented in
Figure 8 and Figure 9 respectively.
Figure 8: Average Temperatures, Mumbwa (adapted from http://www.climatecharts.com/Locations/z/ZA67655MUMBW0010.php)
Figure 9: Average and absolute maximum and minimum temperatures for the Mumbwa area
(http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Zambia/Mumbwa/climate-profile.aspx)
AGES Gauteng
-36-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.2
Environmental Impact Study
Air Quality
The existing baseline air quality is typical of the natural and rural environment.
Possible existing sources of atmospheric emissions impacting on air quality in the region include small-scale
formal and informal mining activities, informal charcoal production, vehicle entrainment on paved and unpaved
roads and vehicle tailpipe emissions (although traffic is very limited), wind-blown dust from exposed areas,
emissions from residential fuel burning and natural burning of vegetation.
During March 2013, on-site investigation and measurements yielded the results described below (LiebenbergEnslin & Gresse, 2013):
Atmospheric processes at both macro and meso-scales need be considered in order to accurately determine
the atmospheric dispersion potential (the rate and area where pollutants from a source would affect the
surroundings) of a particular area. Parameters that need to be considered in the characterisation of mesoscale ventilation potentials include wind speed, wind direction, ambient air temperature and mixing depth.
5.2.1
Wind
The results of the wind field modelling are communicated in the wind roses presented in Figure 10 - Figure 12.
The dominant winds experienced at the project site are from the east and south-east and there is very little
variation in the annual wind fields. Diurnal variability does occur in the wind field: during the day predominant
winds are from the east, while night-times are characterised by an increase in winds from the south-east.
Winds in excess of 5 m/s are generally required to lift and entrain windblown dust. Wind speeds at the project
site are primarily below 5 m/s with strong winds of more than 5 m/s occurring more frequently in relation to
weak winds of 2 m/s and less. Moderate wind speeds exceeding 4 m/s occurred for 57.2% of the time with
those above 3 m/s for 75.5%.
AGES Gauteng
-37-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 10: Period Wind Rose for the project site (2010-2012)
Figure 11: Daytime and Night time Wind Rose for the project site (2010-2012)
Figure 12: Seasonal Wind Rose for the project site (2010-2012)
AGES Gauteng
-38-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.2.2
Environmental Impact Study
Air temperature
The air temperature is considered for determining the development of the mixing and inversion layers and for
determining the effect of plume buoyancy. The larger the temperature difference between the plume and the
ambient air, the higher the plume is able to rise. Maximum temperatures reach 32.2°C at 15h00 and 16h00,
while the coldest temperature of 6.1°C is reached around 02h00. Diurnal variability of mean, maximum and
minimum temperature for the proposed site from 2010 to 2012 is illustrated in Figure 13.
Figure 13: Diurnal variability of mean, maximum and minimum temperature (2010-2012)
5.2.3
Relative humidity
Relative humidity in the area ranges from between 16% to 100%. Monthly and diurnal relative humidity
variations are presented in Figure 14.
Figure 14: Monthly and diurnal humidity variations (2010-2012)
AGES Gauteng
-39-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.2.4
Environmental Impact Study
Precipitation and evaporation
Rainfall (precipitation) represents an effective removal mechanism of atmospheric pollutants and is therefore
frequently considered during air pollution studies. Evaporation rates have important implications for the design
and implementation of effective dust control programmes and must therefore also be considered. Evaporation
is a function of ambient temperature, wind and the saturation deficit of the air.
An on-site weather station was installed during June 2013 and data from this weather station should be
considered in future studies. The total rainfall for the town of Mumbwa which is the closest town to the project
site is between 747 mm and 880 mm depending on sources considered. Rainfall is restricted to the summer
months (November to April).
Air pressure in the area ranges from 867 hPa in August 2010 to 886 hPa in January 2011. The period data
investigated includes data from 2010 to 2012 and the average was approximately 875 hPa.
5.2.5
Atmospheric Stability and Mixing Depth
The atmospheric boundary layer constitutes the first few hundred meters of the atmosphere and is directly
affected by the earth's surface, either through the retardation of flow due to frictional drag, or as result of heat
and moisture exchanges taking place at the surface.
The atmospheric boundary layer is typically unstable during the day due to turbulence caused by the sun's
heating effect on the earth's surface. The thickness of this mixing layer depends predominantly on the extent
of solar radiation, and the situation is more pronounced during winter due to strong night-time inversions and a
slower developing mixing layer. During the night a stable layer, with limited vertical mixing, exists. During
windy and/or cloudy conditions, the atmosphere is normally neutral.
For elevated releases such as stack emissions, the highest ground level concentrations would occur during
unstable, daytime conditions. In contrast, the highest concentrations for ground level, or near-ground level
releases from non-wind dependent sources would occur during weak wind speeds and stable (night-time)
atmospheric conditions. The project site predominantly experiences stable conditions (36 % of the time) while
unstable conditions are experienced 25% of the time and neutral conditions prevail approximately 17% of the
time.
Modelling which was completed in terms of potential air quality impacts indicated that the project would affect
air quality beyond the borders of the mining site, but as there are no permanent receptors in the affected area,
this is not expected to be a significant concern.
5.3
Groundwater and Geology
The project site in terms of regional geological setting is located to the south of the Katangan copper belt in
Zambia. The Neoproterozoic Katangan belt to the north of the project area forms a north-directed thrust-andfold arc, termed the Lufilian Arc. Refer to Figure 15.
AGES Gauteng
-40-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Locally, the Kitumba deposit is hosted within a hematite-dominated breccia system which is developed along
the Mumbwa Fault Zone (MFZ) and which outcrops as a prominent north-south trending ridge forming part of
the Kitumba Hills (Vivier & Mostert, June 2013). The MFZ is crosscut by a series of northeast trending faults
with associated dextral displacements. The central part of the deposit is crosscut by a zone of later northnorthwest to northwest trending intense faulting and fracturing. This structural framework resulted in
development of secondary permeability which appears to have played a major role in remobilisation and reconcentration of copper and gold mineralisation (Vivier & Mostert, June 2013).
Kitumba represents a deeply weathered system with weathering and oxidation extending to several hundred
metres depth. Deep weathering is particularly pronounced in the vicinity of the MFZ and zones of high fracture
intensity, where leaching of the hematite-rich breccia systems has typically resulted in porous, vuggy rocks.
Three prominent rock-type associations are recognised at Kitumba: (1) Kundulungu Group metasediments are
intruded by (2) quartz-feldspar porphyry granitoids which are in turn intruded by (3) feldspar porphyry syenite
complex. The geometry of this system is considered to be sub-vertical and complex, arising from several
phases of intrusion commonly in the form of dyke swarms (Vivier & Mostert, June 2013).
The site is underlain by a shallow and a deep aquifer system with structural geology and weathering playing a
major role in aquifer development. The shallow aquifer consists of ferricrete and alluvium material and occurs
from surface to depths of 10 meters below ground level (mbgl). Wetlands/marshes within the study area are
formed as part of the shallow, perched aquifer. The deeper, intermediate aquifer is formed by
weathered/fractured bedrock and occurs from 40 mbgl to 200 mbgl. This aquifer is underlain by a deep aquifer
deeper than 200 mbgl that consists of solid/fractured bedrock at varying intersection depths (Vivier & Mostert,
June 2013).
Geochemical modelling that was conducted for the project indicated that there is a potential for the mine
tailings facility to produce acid. The potential for Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) to result from the operations was
addressed by the addition of significant quantities of lime to the process to neutralize the waste stream. While
there will be sulphides present in the tailings that report to the TSF, the processes are operated at ~ pH 10 –
11 by the addition of lime so the final tails will be at the same pH. As a result the tailings will have a high pH
and significant lime content. The formation of AMD has therefore been addressed and is not a significant
concern, however the high pH may have alternative implications to the geochemical impacts of the project and
further investigation is warranted from a process engineering perspective.
Uranium also occurs in the mine waste, but based on current estimates, the degree of enrichment is not
considered severe (Rowles, 18 June 2013). Follow-up radiological and human health impact assessments
are still recommended as part of the DFS in order to quantify the risk more definitively.
During August 2012, AGES conducted a preliminary hydrocensus around the target mining area. During
March 2013, follow up hydro-geological investigations were undertaken. A total of 93 sites were surveyed and
recorded which included 73 boreholes (79%), 6 water wells/pits (6%), 6 rivers/drainages (6%) and 8 surface
water bodies (9%). (Refer to Figure 16).
AGES Gauteng
-41-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
60% of the surveyed sites were in use while the remaining 40% were not in use. Of the 56 boreholes in use,
41% were used for domestic purposes, 25% for monitoring, 12.5% for stock water use, 11% for irrigation,
3.5% for agricultural use, 3.5% for drilling and 3.5% for wildlife watering purposes. 41% of the surveyed sites
are equipped and 59% are not. The majority of equipped boreholes are fitted with hand pumps (56%, 18
sites), while 13% of boreholes have submersible pumps installed and another 1 site has a mono pump.
The average regional water level is 21.10 mbgl with a maximum regional water level of 88.45 mbgl and a
minimum of 0.0 mbgl. Water levels recorded during the dry season and the wet season respectively varies
considerably. Seasonal variations are clearly visible due to a change in climatic conditions influencing
groundwater recharge.
The regional aquifer is classified as a Sole Source Aquifer as more than 50% of the groundwater is utilized for
domestic and/or livestock purposes and no alternative water resource is available if this aquifer is impacted
on. Impacts on the aquifer have to be avoided. If the project depletes or pollutes the aquifer, alternative water
has to be supplied to surrounding communities.
Twenty-two of the surveyed hydrocensus sites were selected for chemical analyses and the development of a
water quality baseline database. The water quality of both the groundwater and surface water was generally
found to be good. The evaluation did not include an assessment of the micro-biological content of water and
this should be done in subsequent project phases.
Figure 15: Geology of Zambia
AGES Gauteng
-42-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 16: Sites recorded during the Hydro-census
AGES Gauteng
-43-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.4
Environmental Impact Study
Surface Water
The nature of the soils present on the proposed development site causes precipitation to drain away into the
soils very quickly after precipitation events. While there are a number of drainage lines throughout the site,
surface water flow is seldom experienced, except for immediately following rainfall events (Mndaweni,
Vermeulen, & Rowland, 2009).
The project is located in the Kafue catchment of the Zambezi River Basin. The Kafue catchment comprises a
2
3
total area of 156 995 km . The Mean Annual Runoff (MAR) for the catchment is 9.88 km (Vivier & Mostert,
June 2013 & Zambian Ministry of Energy and Water Development, 2012)
The Kafue River is the most significant surface water feature and the only perennial river in the vicinity of the
project site, and is located approximately 30 km north and west of the proposed mining area. Drainage in the
study area therefore follows the surface topography towards the lower-lying rivers in the north-west. The River
flows in a west-south-westerly direction. The Kafue River is a major tributary to the Zambesi River in the South
(Mndaweni, Vermeulen, & Rowland, 2009).
Other drainage features that occur in the study area include dambo wetlands and pans (Henning B. J., May
2013).
Abstraction of surface water from the Kafue River was one option considered for water supply to the proposed
mine. Water would be abstracted from the River and piped to the proposed operations, although the exact
route has not been determined. Construction of infrastructure related to this water supply option may in itself
have significant environmental consequences, and these should be addressed and approval sought from the
ZEMA as part of a separate project (separate authorization process) prior to construction commencing on any
pipeline or water intake structures, should it be decided to implement this option.
Abstraction from
groundwater is considered another water supply option and is discussed in more detail as part of the water
supply Options Analysis (Vivier & Mostert, June 2013) in Section 8.5.1.
The nature of the proposed mining operations will significantly alter the natural flow patterns of surface water
across the project area following precipitation events. Storm water on the site will have to be managed in
accordance with best-practice guidelines and legislative requirements. Water classified as “dirty water” will
not be allowed to contaminate clean water systems, and clean water will be prevented from entering mining
areas and becoming contaminated. Erosion prevention and control measures will have to be implemented
throughout the site to prevent siltation of downstream water bodies. The distance to the nearest significant
surface water features is a mitigating factor in terms of potential surface water pollution arising from the
proposed operations. However, activities on the project site may impact on the downstream Piamanzi River
(which is approximately 10 km from the resource area) which is a major tributary to the Kafue River, and this
should be prevented.
Potential abstraction from the Kafue River for water supply to the mine is a proposal associated with its own
risks and benefits. The legal implications and potential social and ecological damages of such abstraction
AGES Gauteng
-44-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
would have to be understood and mitigated for in the following phases of the project if this option is chosen.
5.5
Soils and Soil Potential
Dr B Henning carried out a specialist assessment of the soils, land use, agricultural potential and land
capability of the project site. The site shows variation in terms of soil characteristics and soil types. The
geological formations and vegetation patterns showed a strong correlation to the major soil units mapped in
the study area. The soil types, profiles and potential identified on the site are discussed below, summarized in
Table 9 and illustrated in Figure 17: Soil types of the Site (Henning B. J., May 2013).
5.5.1
Shallow Lithosols / Arenosols associated with rocky ridges and outcrops
Very shallow to shallow soils and exposed bedrock occurring in the moderately steep to steep undulating
mountainous terrain of the site associated with rocky ridges (including the resource area) and outcrops
derived from Quarts Feldspar Porphyry or Granite. Where bedrock is exposed and topsoil has been removed
the soil is classified as lithosols. The basic requirement for recognition of an orthent is that any former soil has
been either completely removed or so truncated that the diagnostic horizons typical of all orders other than
entisols are absent.
Soil Depth ranges from 50 – 150 mm with a fine sandy to sandy loam texture and a clay content of 5 – 10%.
Agricultural Potential is limited by shallow soils and steepness of terrain (causing high erosion hazard) and
lithosols are thus not suitable for arable farming although crop cultivation can occur under good management
on plateaus and level terraces. High cost of fertilization required when farming crops on such soils has meant
that arenosols are not generally used for farming in Zambia. Soil potential is thus classified as “low”.
The flora typically supported on these shallow soils is generally of very poor nutritive value for grazing, so that
typically such areas can only be used as low-density, low quality livestock grazing during the rainy season
when the herbaceous layer revives after the burns that occurred during the drier months. The area has little
value as grazing in the winter months due to the coarse, unpalatable state of the grass layer, and the
occurrence of fire which reduces the grazing value of the area to zero.
5.5.2
Medium depth gravelly / sandy Arenosols associated with foot-slopes / valleys
Shallow, gravelly soils along the valley floors and footslopes in the study area derived from Argillite. Arenosols
are sandy-textured and lack any significant soil profile development. They exhibit only a partially formed
surface horizon (uppermost layer) that is low in humus, and are bereft of subsurface clay accumulation.
Arenosols typically have very low water-holding capacities, excessive permeability and low nutrient content
and agricultural use of these soils requires careful management. Arenosols are also highly acidic in all except
very arid climates.
Soil Depth is 50 – 300 mm and average clay content varies from 5 – 10%. Texture is fine sandy loam / gravelly
AGES Gauteng
-45-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
sandy loam soils.
The value of these leached sandveld soils is often further reduced by their gravelly nature which makes them
unsuitable for cultivation where the layer occurs within the topsoil and makes them more susceptible to
drought where it occupies much of the subsoil, as it apparently does over large areas. The soil potential is
thus limited by the soil depth and nutrient status, although it has a slightly deeper soil profile in some areas
and also provides better grazing to livestock and game compared to the mountainous regions. The area is
classified as having a medium to low agricultural potential. The area can be used as low-quality livestock
grazing but only in the wetter months.
5.5.3
Arenosols: Red-yellow apedal soils associated with slightly undulating plains
These Red-yellow apedal sandy soils (Arenosols) cover most of the eastern and south-eastern sections of the
project site, and are generally not very fertile due to weathering and leaching; the top soil is sandy and is more
fertile where the top soil has higher clay content (derived from Syenite).
Soil depth of these fine sandy loam soils ranges from 400-1000 mm and clay content is between 10 – 15%
The acidity of these soils is limiting for groundnut production, maize and other cereals, and liming may be
needed to increase crop yields. The area can thus be utilized for crop cultivation, although intensive soil
management is recommended to improve the pH and nutrient content. The soils have a low moisture-holding
capacity, but limitations are overcome to some extent by the great depth of rooting which the subsoils afford
and by the slower rate at which nutrients are leached. Livestock grazing is viable due to the slightly higher
nutrient and organic content of the topsoil in woodland areas that support a mixture of palatable and
unpalatable species. The soil has a medium potential for crop cultivation in combination with livestock
grazing.
5.5.4
Planosols associated with moist grasslands on ferricrete bedrock
Planosols are soils with a light-coloured, coarse-textured, surface horizon that shows signs of periodic water
stagnation and abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay than the
surface horizon. These soils are typically in seasonally waterlogged flat lands. These soils are formed mostly
in clayey alluvial and colluvial deposits. Geological processes resulted in the relatively coarse-textured, lightcoloured surface soil abruptly overlying finer textured subsoil.
Soil depth ranges from 50 – 150 mm. Texture is sandy clay and clay content is between 15 – 25%.
Planosols in their natural state as observed in the study area support moist grassland dominated by Loudetia
simplex and Tristachya rehmanni, often with scattered shrubs and trees that have shallow root systems that
can cope with temporary waterlogging. Local methods of cultivating these soils involve drainage and burning
of the topsoil. Concentration of nutrients in the ash and the continuous presence of moisture in the subsoil
enable them to produce good crops, but weed growth is a serious problem. This drainage and burning lead to
shrinkage and wastage of the peat, and after 20-50 years soils may be exhausted altogether, leaving only a
AGES Gauteng
-46-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
somewhat humic topsoil in the sterile basal white sand.
The seasonally flooded nature of the soils limits crop cultivation, although crops such as rice and cassava can
be cultivated under such conditions. The grazing potential of these low-lying areas is high due to the palatable
grasses growing throughout the year on these soils.
5.5.5
Fluvisols associated with ravines in mountainous areas
Fluvisols are genetically young soils in alluvial deposits associated with the ravines in the mountainous region
of the study area. Under natural conditions periodical flooding is fairly common. The soils have a clear
evidence of stratification. Soil horizons are weakly developed, but a distinct topsoil horizon may be present.
Soil depth varies from 300 – 600 mm and average clay content is between 25 – 40%. The soil texture is
Brown to dark grey alluvial soils.
Agricultural Potential of these soils is low to very low due to the area being seasonally flooded and the steep
nature of the terrain along the ravines. The soils do however produce valuable grazing (medium potential
grazing) during dry months to game and livestock.
The land capability is limited to grazing by game and livestock throughout the year. The small area and steep
slopes along the ravines make crop cultivation challenging. The grazing potential is high due to the palatable
grasses growing throughout the year on these soils.
Table 9: Summary of Soils on the Project Site
Soil Type
Shallow
Lithosols
Arenosols
/
Medium depth
gravelly
/
sandy
Arenosols
Arenosols: Redyellow apedal
soils
Planosols
Ferricrete
Bedrock
on
Fluvisols
Area
Rocky ridges
and outcrops
Footslopes and
Valleys
Slightly
undulating plains
Moist grasslands
Ravines,
mountainous areas
Soil Depth
50 – 150 mm
50 – 300 mm
400 - 1000 mm
50 – 150 mm
300 – 600 mm
Texture
fine sandy to
sandy loam
Fine / gravelly
sandy loam
fine sandy loam
Sandy Clay
Brown – dark-grey
alluvial
Clay content
5 – 10%
5 – 10%.
10 – 15%
15 – 25%
25 – 40%
Agricultural
Potential
Low
Medium - Low
Medium
Low
Low to Very Low
Grazing
potential
Low
Low
Medium
High
High
Risk
High erosion
risk;
low
compaction
risk; low risk of
impact on land
capability
Low
erosion
risk;
high
compaction risk;
medium-low risk
of impact on
land capability
Low erosion risk;
High compaction
risk; medium risk
of impact on land
capability
High
erosion
risk;
High
compaction risk;
medium risk of
impact on land
capability
High erosion risk,
medium
compaction risk,
medium risk of
impact on land
capability
AGES Gauteng
-47-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 17: Soil types of the Site (Henning B. J., May 2013)
AGES Gauteng
-48-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 18: Soil potential of the Site (Henning B. J., May 2013)
Figure 19: Soil Risk / Impacts (Henning B. J., May 2013)
AGES Gauteng
-49-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.6
Environmental Impact Study
Topography
The regional topography can be described as rolling terrain consisting of hills and valleys. Elevation ranges
from approximately 1100 to 1400 meters above mean sea level (mamsl). Noticeable topographic high points
occur in the area, and the target mining area comprises such a hill (Kitumba Hills). Towards the North of the
project area the topography flattens out towards the Kafue River (Mndaweni, Vermeulen, & Rowland, 2009).
The areas north-west of the project area comprises gently undulating plains while the landscape to the west is
generally flat with scattered small hills. Figure 20 and Figure 21 present elevation profiles across the area.
The topography of and around the proposed development site may have the potential to effectively mitigate
the visual impacts of the project infrastructure. The natural runoff over the site is also dictated by the sitespecific topography, and careful planning should take the natural flow of surface water across the site into
consideration in order to minimise the potential for water pollution. The topography and natural drainage lines
over the site are illustrated in Figure 22.
Figure 20: East-West Elevation Profile (adapted from Google Earth Pro)
Figure 21: North-West to South-East Elevation Profile (adapted from Google Earth Pro)
AGES Gauteng
-50-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 22: Surface water drainage and topography
AGES Gauteng
-51-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.7
Environmental Impact Study
Land Use and Land Tenure
The following paragraphs discuss prominent land uses in the vicinity of the proposed mining project
which may affect the project or be affected by the project. Figure 2 shows these land uses in relation to
the project site.
5.7.1
Residential areas
The villages of Kaindu, Myombe, Mpundu and Kafucamo are the closest communities to the site.
Distances to the project site are as follows:
•
Kaindu:
approximately 22 km Northwest
•
Myombe:
approximately 20 km Northwest
•
Mpundu:
approximately 14.5 km Northwest
•
Kafucamo:
approximately 12 km Northwest
They form part of the Kaonde tribe and are under the leadership of Chief Kaindu. There are
approximately 73 headmen in the Chiefdom of Chief Kaindu and approximately nine of the headmen
are in the local area. There are a few councillors in the area as well. The Chiefdom has a committee
that deals with community projects, (Kaindu Project Coordinating Committee). The nearest large town
to the proposed site is Mumbwa, which is approximately 50 km to the south west, but travel time
between Mumbwa and the site is significantly longer than expected due to poor road conditions.
5.7.2
Mining
Mining is central to the Zambian economy and has played a key role in the social and economic
development of the country (Aucamp, 2012). Zambia is predominantly a copper mining country and is
the largest copper producer in Africa (Mining Sector Profile – www.zdm.org.zm).
Surface areas in close proximity to the project site have in the relatively recent past been excavated,
presumably in the facilitation of small-scale malachite mining by foreign parties. The legality of these
operations is questionable. A number of ‘sample bags’ containing excavated material have been
abandoned on the site. Figure 23 provides a clear picture of the existing state of the sites.
In the region, historic mining activities are also evident and some of the historically mined areas have
also been excavated more recently. Most of these mining areas are not actively being mined currently
and are deemed to be extremely unsafe for humans and animals. Figure 24 describes the existing
situation:
There are also some small-scale miners who are active in the area who mainly mine copper close to
the surface, and as they cannot afford mining equipment they use mainly hammers and chisels to chip
AGES Gauteng (PTY) LTD
-52-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
out rocks. These miners do not have access to resources such as geologists and mechanical
equipment and typical challenges include lack of access to finance, high mineral royalty taxes and
security issues (http://maravi.blogspot.com/2009/06/times-small-scale-miners-cry-for-equal.html) as
well as material transport, labour and safety concerns (Public Participation interviews, 2013). The
Federation of Small-Scale Mining Association of Zambia coordinates mining activities for small-scale
mining. Small-scale miners are supposed to obtain permits from the Ministry of Mines and Minerals
Development, but many admit they continue their activities illegally and report that it is a problem to
acquire the necessary permits. This group is vulnerable and at high risk of being exploited.
Figure 23: Excavations and abandoned samples at an abandoned (presumably illegal)
malachite mining operation outside of but in close proximity to the site
Figure 24: An old mining shaft that has been 'closed' (left) and general surface
conditions at the past artisanal mining sites (right)
From on-site observations the companies responsible for the illegal mining activities in close proximity
of the project site do not conduct their activities in an environmentally responsible way and do not
AGES Gauteng
-53-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
adhere to good labour practises, which have resulted in resentment towards these groups among local
people. Such destruction of pristine environments could create negative perceptions among local
communities and Zambian Authorities towards mining projects.
5.7.3
Conservation and Tourism
The Kafue National Park (KNP), located to the west of the proposed mining area, is the oldest
(established in the 1950s) and largest National Park in Zambia and covers an area of approximately
2
22,500 km (http://www.zambiatourism. com/travel/nationalparks/kafue.htm). It is a declared national
park and is one of the five largest national parks in the world. The park is also surrounded by nine
Game Management Areas (www.zambiatourism.com).
In recent years the Park has seen an increase in the number of Safari Camps and Lodges that operate
in and around the Park, and this has been associated with an increase in visitors to the area and
associated increase in investment. Importantly the area enjoys an increased level of protection by the
Zambian Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) supported by conscientious efforts of the safari camp and lodge
operators (http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/nationalparks /kafue.htm). The park is managed by
ZAWA but the camps and lodges are owned and managed by private operators (Aucamp, 2013). Major
tourist activities include game drives or viewing by boat, walking and birding safaris, canoeing, angling,
boating, rock climbing, photographic opportunities and trips to hot springs.
The camps closest to the proposed project are the Hippo Lodge and McBrides Camp. Hippo Lodge has
four chalets and two safari tents (www.hippolodge.com) and is situated on the banks of the Kafue River.
One of the four airstrips in the park is at Hippo Lodge. McBrides Camp is also situated on the banks of
the Kafue River. McBrides Camp has seven two-person chalets as well as a campsite and a bush camp
(www.mcbridescamp.com) (Aucamp, 2013).
The Mushingashi Conservation area is situated to the north west of the site and covers an area in
excess of 40,000 hectares. The conservation area borders the KNP and the Kafue River forms its
northern border. The area is not fenced, allowing game to roam freely, but also presenting challenges
in keeping poaching under control. Intense conservation efforts have enabled growth in local wildlife
populations (http://www.mushingashi.net/index.html). Major tourist activities at Mushingashi include
safaris, hire of boats and equipment for fishing trips and walking trails with a tracker. Three main
categories of tourists visit Mushingashi namely fishermen, photographers and hunters. The majority of
visitors to Mushingashi are Zambians. The hunting season is from May until December. (Aucamp,
2013).
Both Mushingashi and KNP can be reached by air travel, but as the presence of the Zambian Air Force
(ZAF) in the region restricts air traffic, most visitors use the local roads to access these areas.
AGES Gauteng
-54-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.7.4
Environmental Impact Study
Agriculture
There are a number of farms in close proximity to the proposed site. Some farmers are locals while
others are farmers from South Africa or Zimbabwe. The Mumbwa Farmer’s Association represents
many of the local small-scale farmers (Aucamp, 2013).
Livestock farming (mainly cattle) as well as small and medium scale subsistence farming are currently
undertaken towards the south-west and east of the site. Small scale cattle farms in Zambia are family
holdings characterized by low input and low output. Medium-scale farmers cultivate between 5 and 20
ha, while small-scale farmers cultivate less than 5 ha (Henning, 2012). Cattle play an important role in
rural households and are also the main food and cash source for most people in the cattle keeping
areas (Henning, 2013).
Crop-livestock mixed systems are the most common system used in the study area and allow
diversification of risks, using of more efficient labour, recycling of crop residues, adding value to crops
and crop products while providing cash for purchasing farm inputs (Henning, 2012).
The German company Amatheon invested in large-scale irrigation farming in the Mumbwa district in
2012 (http://www.sedarmag.com/blog/2012/11/29/amatheon-investment-to-boost-mumbwa-farming/).
The small-scale farmers stated that Amatheon has bought the farms with the best soils and water in the
area. The company is reported to enlist local farmers in their agricultural extension scheme. There are
differences in the farming practices of the small-scale and commercial farmers, mainly due to
availability of resources such as finances and equipment.
Very limited crop cultivation occurs in the direct vicinity of the site mostly due to the climatic conditions
and soil forms. Limited livestock grazing occurs in the area at the start of the rainy season when burned
areas support the palatable growth stage of the grasses. The presence of tsetse fly also limits these
activities. No agricultural activities are supported in the Mushingashi Conservation area or within the
Kafue National Park or the applicable buffer zones (Henning, 2012).
The Mumbwa prison farm (see below) grows approximately 240 Ha of maize, some of which is sold
externally. Soya beans will be planted in the near future. The prison also has large vegetable gardens
that are used to feed the prisoners, but the prison would like to commercialise their produce in future
(Aucamp, 2013).
5.7.5
The Mumbwa Prison Farm
The Mumbwa Prison Farm is located to the south east of the project site and hosts approximately 201
prisoners that work on the farm with the purpose to integrate them back in society. The duration of a
prisoner’s stay depends on their sentence. Most prisoners are there for petty crimes and the farm does
not have fences or any other form of access control.
AGES Gauteng
-55-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.7.6
Environmental Impact Study
The Zambia Air Force (ZAF)
The Air Force has a bombing practise range close to the proposed site and the area is consequently a
no-fly zone without the consent of the ZAF. Locals have indicated that the Air Force also has a
vegetable farm in the area, but this could not be confirmed.
5.7.7
Infrastructure
The roads in the vicinity of the site generally comprise dirt tracks, many of which are virtually
impassable in the wet season. The Rural Roads Unit (RRU) and the Roads Development Agency
(RDA) reportedly have plans to upgrade a number of these roads over the mid to long term. Electricity
supply infrastructure is in the process of being installed but it is unknown what the delivery schedule
entails. The area has no sewage or storm water drainage networks.
5.8
Landscape and Visual Resource
The value of a visual resource is determined by evaluating the landscape character, landscape quality
and “sense of place” of a particular area. Additionally the viewers in the existing environment are
considered, as the value of a visual resource and potential alteration of that resource are inevitable
perception-based to some degree. During March 2013 a specialist visual impact assessment was
carried out for the proposed project and the following paragraphs are based on the baseline
characterization contained in that study (Cilliers & Young, June 2013).
5.8.1
Landscape character and visual resource (scenic quality)
Landscape character is dependent of the individual elements that comprise the landscape, including
prominent features such as hills, valleys, woods, trees, water bodies, buildings and infrastructure. Thus
landscape character is defined by the dominant land form and land use features.
Generally,
landscapes with greater diversity and / or landscapes that contain distinctive features are considered as
having a higher scenic value than landscapes containing little diversity and more common elements.
The greater the diversity of form, line, texture and colour in a landscape, the greater the potential for
high scenic value or landscape character.
The overall study area can be regarded as having a high visual resource value. While the landscape
may be ‘common’ on a regional scale, the area boasts a variety of land forms and a variety of land use
practices.
5.8.2
Landscape Quality
Both objective and subjective factors are considered in the determination of the quality of a visual
resource. Where landscape quality, aesthetic value and a strong sense of place occur, the perceived
value of the landscape increases.
AGES Gauteng
-56-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
High value visual resources, such as that associated with the proposed project site, are areas that
exhibit a positive character and that have a strong sense of place with unity, richness and harmony.
The landscape is expected to be sensitive to change and may be detrimentally affected if change is
dealt with inappropriately
5.8.3
Sense of Place
Sense of place is the unique value that is allocated to a specific place or area through the cognitive
experience of the user or viewer. The largely unspoilt environs give the area a ‘natural’ sense of place.
Human interventions such as agricultural and communal activities, small scale mining as well as manmade structures including roads and other infrastructural elements adds a rural element to the ‘unspoilt’
environment. The sense of place of the study area can thus be described as ‘natural’ with a rural
element.
5.8.4
Viewer sensitivity
The existing topography as well as the lush, dense vegetation in the area limits the extent of what can
be viewed from certain vantage points. The Mumbwa Prison Farm was the only viewer location with a
day time view of the project site that could be identified. A view of the project area from the Mumbwa
prison farm is presented in Figure 25. The hilly topography and vegetation cover possibly providing
significant visual screening are illustrated in Figure 26. Figure 27 shows the night-time scene.
The presence of the project would be much more prominent during the night time due to the existing
night-time landscape being very dark, with very few artificial lights operating in the area.
Possible sensitive viewer locations are illustrated in Figure 28
AGES Gauteng
-57-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 25: View of the site from Mumbwa Prison Farm
Figure 26: Hilly topography and vegetation
Figure 27: Existing night view (top) - project site hidden by topography and (bottom)
potential night view (sky glow from unmitigated light impacts from project)
AGES Gauteng
-58-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 28: Visual receptors in the vicinity of the project site
AGES Gauteng (PTY) LTD
-59-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
5.9
Environmental Impact Study
Noise and Vibration
During March 2013, Ben van Zyl of Acusolv carried out a specialist noise impact assessment at the project
site. The following description is based on the findings of his investigations. The study (Van Zyl, May 2013)
covered the total audible noise footprint of a typical underground mine and processing plant similar in size to
the proposed project, and a study area with a radius of 10 km from the site was considered more than
adequate.
A good sense of the regional noise climate and of typical ambient noise levels was obtained by means of a
series of samples taken at different sites in the vicinity of the project site, and some detailed surveys covering
a 24-hour period at fixed locations. These sites and the relative distances to the project site are illustrated in
Figure 29.
The region surrounding the project site is sparsely populated, with only a few small communities located to the
east and south. The remainder of the surroundings are vacant and/or used for conservation purposes. There
are no industrial, mining or substantial agricultural activities in the study area, apart from some small-scale,
informal mining activities to the north, and the activities of Amatheon Agri Zambia Ltd. There is practically no
audible traffic noise in the area. The only trace of (hardly audible) noise noted during the course of the noise
study, was a single event of what appeared to be aircraft noise in the distance. This occurred during daytime
and was attributed to air-force flying activities.
The rating of baseline ambient noise conditions in the Kitumba study area should take cognisance of the two
main states of human occupation or land use in the vicinity: rural residential (villages and dwellings) and
conservation or wilderness area (eco-tourism).
The most fitting noise rating for the areas surrounding the proposed mine site would be Rural District, the
lowest ambient noise category with a nominal night-time rating of 35 dBA. This is also 5 dB lower than the
actual levels (40 dBA) recorded at M1 and M2.
There are currently no sources of vibrations at the study area.
AGES Gauteng
-60-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 29: Sites where noise monitoring / measurements were taken
5.10 Biodiversity and Ecology (Flora and Fauna)
The following section is based on the specialist ecological and biodiversity assessment carried out by Dr B
Henning in 2013 (Henning B. J., May 2013). The study area falls within the Central Zambezian Miombo
Woodland ecoregion, one of the largest ecoregions in Africa. The ecoregion covers about 50% of Zambia,
predominantly in the wetter parts. (Henning B. J. May 2013). Ecoregions of Zambia are illustrated in Figure
30.
Mature miombo woodland trees in this area are usually 15 to 20 m tall, with a broadleaf shrub and grass
understory beneath. The area has a much higher proportion of evergreen trees than drier Zambezian miombo,
but trees in this area are primarily deciduous and predominantly of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae, particularly
species belonging to the genera Brachystegia, Julbernardia, and Isoberlinia, which seldom occur outside
Miombo. Termitaria or anthill vegetation covers about 3% and is present in all regions except in areas of pure
sand and the woodland is interspersed with dambos (grassy wetlands forming the headwaters and margins of
rivers which increase biodiversity of the ecoregion) on the flat central African plateau (Henning B. J., May
2013).
In Miombo Woodland, fire is an important ecological factor as the highly seasonal rainfall pattern leaves the
vegetation dry for several months of the year, and thunderstorms at the start of the rainy season can easily set
AGES Gauteng
-61-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
the vegetation afire. In addition to being naturally fire-prone, miombo is frequently intentionally burned to clear
land for cultivation and other practices (Henning B. J., May 2013). The ecoregion has suffered extensive
deforestation, especially in the highly-urbanised Copperbelt Province, the centre of Central Province and
around Kasama and Mansa due to charcoal production, mining and, clearing for farming and ranching
(Henning B. J., May 2013).
Zambia has a long history in the conservation and management of its biological resources and 44% of the
country’s surface comprises protected areas in the form of 19 national parks, while 32 Game Management
Areas (GMAs) and several protected forests and woodlands cover a further 8.6% of the country (Henning,
2012b).
The landscape of the study area is characterised by moderately undulating hills and ridges (resource area)
with valleys and footslopes on sandy to gravelly shallow soils in typical Miombo woodland comprising a twostoreyed woodland with an open or partially closed canopy of semi-evergreen trees 15 to 20 m high, with a
forest floor covered by a more or less dense grass cover. Relic patches of evergreen thicket may also occur.
Small pockets of moist grassland areas associated with hardpan ferricrete that occur in between the miombo
create perched water table conditions during the wet season. Ravines (non-perennial drainage channels)
occur along the slopes of the mountainous region, but these small non-perennial channels do not feed any
major tributaries of the major rivers in the larger area and therefore contribute very little to the hydrological
regime of the area (Henning B. J., May 2013).
AGES Gauteng
-62-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 30: Ecoregions of Zambia
5.10.1 Vegetation types of the study area
During March 2013, Dr B Henning carried out a survey of the project site and the following section is based on
the results of his study (Henning B. J., May 2013). The following vegetation units were identified and mapped:
(Refer to Figure 31).
•
Isoberlina angolensis Hill Miombo woodland
•
Isoberlina angolensis – Uapaca kirkiana eastern footslopes and undulating plains
•
Open Brachystegia boehmii woodland on deep sandy-loam soils
•
Loudetia simplex – Tristachys rehmanni moist grassland
•
Closed Miombo Forest associated with ravines
5.10.1.1 Isoberlina angolensis Hill Miombo woodland
This vegetation unit forms part of the moderately to very steep hills, outcrops and ridges occurring throughout
the site. Common tall trees include Brachystegia longifolia, Isoberlinia angolensis and Julbernardia paniculata.
Small trees only occur occasionally. Shrubs include Acrocephalus rupestris, Schistostephium artemisiifolium
AGES Gauteng
-63-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
and Uapaca pilosa, and subshrubs are mainly Aloe chabaudii, Sphenostylis marginata, Strobilanthopsis
linifolia and Vellozia equisetoides.
The vegetation unit is classified as being moderately – highly sensitive due in most part to the rockiness, steep
slopes (erosion risk), plant species composition, pristine state of the vegetation, microhabitats and potential
red data fauna that utilise this area as habitat.
5.10.1.2 Isoberlina angolensis – Uapaca kirkiana eastern footslopes and undulating plains
This vegetation unit occurs on the slightly undulating eastern and southern footslopes and valleys surrounding
the hill miombo woodland. The woody layer forms dense, tall woodland with a more prominent shrub layer by
comparison to the former. Common tall trees include Brachystegia boehmii and other Brachystegia,
Erythrophleum africanum, Isoberlinia angolensis, and, locally, Marquesia macroura. Small trees include
Bauhinia petersiana, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Syzygium guineense
subsp. Macrocarpum and Uapaca kirkiana.
Baphia massaiensis subsp. obovata (on sandy soils),
Hymenocardia acida, and Uapaca pilosa are common shrubs. The herbaceous layer forms dense, tall stands
of Hyparrhenia bracteata and medium tall Themeda triandra.
Isolated termitaria bushclumps occur in this vegetation unit. These miombo termitaria are characterized by
Albizia amara, Boscia angustifolia, Combretum molle, Euphorbia candelabrum and Ziziphus mucronata in their
upper storey.
Degradation of this miombo woodland as the result of repeated heavy burning leads to invasion by munga
elements such as Acacia species.
AGES Gauteng
-64-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 31: Vegetation Types of the Site
AGES Gauteng
-65-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
5.10.1.3 Open Brachystegia boehmii woodland on deep sandy-loam soils
This vegetation unit occurs on slightly undulating to flat plains along the western section of the study area. The
woody layer is characterised by open tall woodland dominated by Brachystegia boehmii trees. Smaller tree
species such as Terminalia and Combretum species are more prominent in the woody layer. Typical woody
species occurring here also include Pericopsis angolensis and Combretum adenognoium.
Some isolated termitaria bushclumps occur in the more clayey patches. The grass layer is dominated by tall
grass species such as Hyparrhenia bracteata and Themeda triandra.
5.10.1.4 Loudetia simplex – Tristachys rehmanni moist grassland
The moist grassland vegetation unit occurs as isolated pockets throughout the study area, although being
more prominent in the western sections. It can also be referred to as Munga scrub on seasonally flooded
dambo soils. The soils are often very shallow that creates a perched water table during the wet season. On
the site, these lanosols support moist grassland dominated by Loudetia simplex and Tristachya rehmanni,
often with scattered shrubs and trees that have shallow root systems that can cope with temporary
waterlogging.
The woody species composition in the moist grassland areas is restricted to seven tree species, namely
Acacia nilotica, A. seyal, Bauhinia petersiana, Combretum ghasalense, Diospyros kirki, Piliostigma thonningi
and Terminalia stenostachya, with a ground cover of scattered woody Ipomoea vernalis, Lannea edulis and
Conyza welwitschi, and herbaceous Hygrophila pilosa and Sphaeranthus humilis.
No red data species occur in this vegetation unit, although its value as grazing land during the wet season for
game species and livestock should be considered as an important ecological component in the area.
5.10.1.5 Closed Miombo Forest associated with ravines
The ravines in the hill miombo woodland vegetation unit represent small non-perennial drainage channels
characterised by a steep slopes on both sides and a tall, dense woody layer that can be classified as forest.
While the forest vegetation unit represents a type of miombo woodland, it is distinguished by typical
characteristics of natural forests (multi-layered woody structure with overlapping crowns and little or no
grasses present in the herbaceous layer). The forests also differ from the surrounding miombo woodland by
diagnostic species such as Parinaria exelsa, Ficus tettensis, Syzigium guineense and Mimusops zeyheri, and
indicator species of the moist soil conditions such as fern and moss species occur in the lower herbaceous
stratum.
No red data species occur in this vegetation unit, although its value as grazing land during the wet season for
game species and its uniqueness in the larger landscape in terms of interconnectivity and as a fauna corridor
has high significance.
AGES Gauteng
-66-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
The cover and height of the floristic components of each of the relevant vegetation units is summarised in
Table 10 along with photographs illustrating the typical state of the vegetation. The respective sensitivity of
each of the vegetation units is illustrated in Figure 32
Table 10: Summary of Vegetation Types in the study area
Isoberlina angolensis hill miombo woodland
Percentage
Avgerage Height (m)
cover
20-25
8-20m
Shrubs
Trees
1-2
1-3m
Grass
10-15
1.2 – 2.4m
Forbs
<1
0.5m
Isoberlina angolensis – Uapaca kirkiana
eastern footslopes and undulating plains
Percentage
cover
Trees
Avg. Height (m )
20-25
8-20m
Shrubs
10
1-3m
Grass
70-80
1.2 – 2.4m
Forbs
<1
0.5m
Open Brachystegia boehmii woodland on
deep sandy-loam soils
Percentage
cover
Trees
10 - 15
Avg. Height (m )
3-6m
Shrubs
10
1-2m
Grass
70-80
1.2 – 2.8m
Forbs
<1
0.5m
Loudetia simplex – Tristachya rehmanni moist
grassland
Percentage
cover
Avg. Height (m )
Trees
2-5
3-6m
Shrubs
<1
1-2m
Grass
60-70
0.2- 0.8m
Forbs
<1
0.2m
Closed Miombo Forest associated with ravines
Percentage
cover
Avg. Height (m )
Trees
20 - 25
3-15m
Shrubs
10 - 15
1-2m
Grass
10 - 15
0.8-1.2m
Forbs
2-5
0.2-0.5m
AGES Gauteng
Not surveyed during the dry
season
-67-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 32: Sensitivity of the vegetation types found on the site
AGES Gauteng
-68-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
5.10.2 Wetlands of the study area
Swamps, floodplains and dambos are the three major wetland types that occur in Zambia. Of these, only
dambo wetlands (which are fairly common on the African plateau) occur in the study area. The word “dambo”
is used for a class of complex shallow wetlands in central, southern and eastern Africa, particularly in Zambia
and Zimbabwe. They are generally found in higher rainfall flat plateau areas, and have river-like branching
forms.
Two major Hydro-Geomorphic (HGM) units were identified that represent wetlands on the proposed
development site and direct surroundings, namely “Channel Wetlands” associated with the drainage channels
of the Kitumba Hills and “Flat Wetlands” occurring as small pockets of moist grassland.
Channel wetlands associated with the ravines of the Kitumba hills represents non-perennial drainage
channels characterised by periodic concentrated flow of water for short periods immediately after and during
precipitation events.
As a result of the erosive forces associated with concentrated flow, channels
characteristically have relatively obvious active channel banks.
The water does not discharge from these channels and they do not connect to any other river or water source
in the larger Kafue River catchment. Water will either flow from the channel onto the plains and quickly drain
in the highly permeable sandy soils, or will collect in the low-lying moist grasslands (flat wetlands).
The vegetation structure of the drainage channels can be described as closed forest woodland with little or no
grass cover. The diagnostic species associated with the ravines include Parinaria exelsa, Ficus tettensis,
Syzigium guineense and Mimusops zeyheri, while indicator species of the moist soil conditions such as fern
and moss species occur in the lower herbaceous stratum.
The pockets of moist grasslands underlain by ferricrete bedrock that creates perched water table conditions
are defined as Flat wetlands. A flat is defined as a wetland area with little or no relief or gradient. Precipitation
represents the primary source of water and dominant hydrodynamics are bidirectional vertical fluctuations,
although there may be limited multidirectional horizontal water flow in some cases. Water exits a flat through
evaporation and infiltration.
Due to its isolated location in the study area, these flats are considered unique despite their high
interconnectivity in terms of its value as grazing “hotspots” for wildlife. The flats in the study area developed
as a result of perched water table conditions caused by the underlying hardpan ferricrete.
These
characteristics encourage poor infiltration of surface flow and high surface run off. The consequence is soil
erosion that was observed in the study area. These areas support moist grassland dominated by Loudetia
simplex and Tristachya rehmanni, often with scattered shrubs and trees that have shallow root systems able to
cope with temporary waterlogging.
The wetlands present on the project site are illustrated in Figure 33.
AGES Gauteng
-69-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 33: Wetlands of the study area
AGES Gauteng
-70-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
5.10.3 Fauna
Some 1,234 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles occur in Zambia of which 1.5% is
1
endemic , and 1.9% is threatened.
During August 2012 and again in March 2013, the study area was surveyed to identify specific faunal habitats
and compare these with habitat requirements of fauna recorded in the quarter degree grid. Species were
identified by visual sightings, spoor, droppings, burrows or roosting sites. The following section is based on
the specialist ecological report by Dr B.J. Henning (Henning B. J., May 2013).
5.10.3.1 Mammals
Mammal diversity in the study area is well represented in terms of species richness and functional roles in the
ecosystem. Movement of mammals through the area is largely dependent on water availability, but large
mammals (elephant, lion, leopard, wild dog, sable antelope, impala and baboon) periodically utilise the area
(especially further away from anthropogenic impacted areas), and these species have in fact been sighted in
close proximity to Kitumba Camp in the past.
Herds of up to 30 individuals of Sable Antelope were sighted during the surveys. Conservation of the habitat
of this sensitive species should be considered a high priority. A number of medium sized and smaller
antelope species were also encountered.
Elephant occasionally migrate to the area during the wetter months, although it would appear as though they
prefer cultivated lands (e.g. Kitumba prison area) and sweet Munga woodland areas further south of the
proposed mining area.
Predators such as lion, wild dog and leopard occur in the surrounding areas and have extremely large
territories. These species are expected to only move through the area when prey becomes scarce in the
Mushingashi and KNP. The small ravines and rocky areas associated with the Kitumba Hills represent ideal
areas for these predators to raise their young due to the shelter provided in these areas.
2
The connectivity of the project site is excellent. The site is surrounded by areas with similar veld condition and
with no dispersal encumbrances occurring.
5.10.3.2 Avifauna (Bird species)
Zambia’s avifauna includes a total of 779 species, one of which is endemic, one has been introduced, 4 are
rare or accidental and 11 are globally threatened. Three major bird habitat systems occur in the study area.
1 Endemic species are those that occur in one geographic area only and are not found anywhere else in the world.
2 Connectivity (habitat connectivity) - Allowing for the conservation or maintenance of continuous or connected habitats, so as to
preserve movements and exchanges associated with the habitat.
AGES Gauteng
-71-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
They are:
•
Miombo associated with valleys and plains;
•
Hill Miombo Woodland; and
•
Wetland habitats.
The miombo associated with the valleys and plains of the project site lies at the centre of the miombo
zone of south-central Africa which hosts a greater variety of miombo birds than any of the surrounding areas.
Many of the miombo woodland bird species join mixed-species bird parties, which typically contain members
of 10 to 20 species of territorial insectivorous birds. Membership changes as the party’s route enters and
leaves individual territories. Species that usually join such parties include Scimitarbill, Hoopoe, barbets,
honeyguides, woodpeckers, pipits, cuckoo shrikes, Miombo Barred Warbler (Endemic), flycatchers, weavers
and seed-eaters. Parties are often first noticed when the presence of one of its more conspicuous members
such as a Fork-tailed Drongo or Arnot’s Chat is detected. More independent birds found here are the Palebilled Hornbill, Central Bearded Scrub Robin and many of the sunbirds.
The hill miombo woodland occurring on rocky ground within the study area (and especially on the
resource area itself) represents habitat for a number of somewhat localised birds including Shelley’s Francolin,
Freckled Rock nightjar, Striped Pipit, Familiar Chat and Rock-loving Cisticola. Though of limited occurrence,
rock exposures and precipices hosts specialised bird species such as Black Stork, Augur Buzzard, Black
Eagle, Taita and Peregrine Falcons, Mottled, African Black and Little Swifts, African Rock Martin, Mocking
Chat, White-necked Raven and Red-winged Starling .
The study are also contains a number of dambo wetlands as discussed above. The intermediate levels in
typical dambos are permanently spongy and have short grass, representing a habitat which is relatively
common in northern Zambia but does not occur in many other parts of Africa. Consequently many of the birds
found here have a somewhat localised distribution. They include Blue Quail, Long-toed and Streaky-breasted
Flufftails, Black and Rufous Swallow, Yellow-throated, Fulleborn’s and Grimwood’s Longclaws, Pectoral-patch,
Black-tailed and stout Cisticolas, Yellow-mantled and Marsh Whydahs, Fawn-breasted waxbill, Locust Finch
and Black-chinned Quailfinch, Croaking Cisticola and red-billed Quelea. On the upper parts of the dambo,
close to the woodland edge, scattered trees provide habitat for the White-winged Black Tit. The driest areas of
the short grassland are inhabited by Temminck’s Courser, Red-capped Lark and the Dessert Cisticola. The
dry montane grasslands of the Nyika Plateau have populations of Red-winged Francolin and Common Quail.
A number of avifauna species occur in the study area that are dependent on mammal species occurring in
the area: The yellow-billed and Red-billed Oxpeckers are dependent on large game animals or on cattle and
even donkeys. Hooded, White-backed, Lappet-faced and White-headed Vultures feed at the carcasses of
dead animals, including domestic cattle. They are joined by the Marabou Stork. The Cattle Egret and Wattled
Starling frequently feed around cattle or game animals. Ground trampled by cattle or other animals may attract
the Yellow Wagtail (migrant) or Groundscraper Thrush.
AGES Gauteng
-72-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Certain bird species are attracted to bush fires by the fleeing or roasted insects and other animals. Almost
always present are the Fork-tailed Drongos, often in large numbers. Others often present include Marabou
Stork, Yellow-billed Kite (m), Dickinson’s Kestrel, Rollers, Hornbills and Swallows.
5.10.3.3 Reptiles and Amphibians
Around 200 reptile species and approximately 90 amphibian species have been recorded in the Zambesian
basin, thus knowledge on amphibian and reptile biodiversity in the area is comparatively good. Very few of
these species are endemic to the area.
A number of reptiles have been recorded from the study area. Snake species that have been observed in the
area include black mamba, African rock python, puff adder, olive grass snake and Mozambique spitting cobra.
The flap-neck chameleon has also been observed at the site in the valleys between the hills during day and
night. Despite this species being widespread and locally common, the flap-neck chameleon is always a good
sign of the integrity of indigenous habitats. Gaboon Viper and Land Monitor Lizard are other important reptiles
found in the area.
No threatened reptile species occur in the project area. A number of species are involved in international trade
as listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES),
e.g. chameleons and tortoises in the international pet trade, and monitor lizard skin for the leather trade.
Important habitats within the mine area for reptile diversity include rock outcrops, gallery forest and dambo
grasslands. The loss of rock outcrops will destroy habitat for reptiles.
Amphibians appear to be poorly represented on the site, which is probably due to the highly permeable soils
limiting the formation of pools required by amphibians as breeding habitat. There also appears to be relatively
low frog diversity in the hilly areas. Important habitats within the mine area for amphibian diversity include
moist grasslands, ravines and temporary pools in Miombo woodland, but no threatened amphibian species
occur in the area.
5.10.4 Protected Species
A total of about 505 flora species appear on the Red-Data List (RDL) for Zambia. Of the species assessed,
almost half were rated as Data Deficient and as such many changes in the future conservation status of flora
species may be expected. No red data flora species (currently listed as such) potentially occurring in the
resource area was found during the dry or wet season surveys.
According to the existing databases and field survey, a number of red data fauna species included in the IUCN
red data lists can potentially be found in the study area including Elephant (Vulnerable), Lion (Vulnerable),
Leopard (Near-Threatened) and African Wild Dog (Endangered). No red data listed herpetofauna occurs in
Zambia according to the IUCN database.
AGES Gauteng
-73-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
5.10.5 Invasive alien species
Invasive alien plants pose a direct threat not only to Zambia’s biological diversity, but also to water security,
the ecological functioning of natural systems and the productive use of land. They intensify the impact of fires
and floods and increase soil erosion.
The most serious invaders in Zambia are from tropical South America and India. They include Lantana
camara, Psidium guajava, Toona ciliata, and Solanum hispidum. Probably the most successful alien is the
herb Ageratum conyzoides, although it is unlikely to have displaced any indigenous species. Solanum
mauritianum (“Bugweed”) and Chromolaena odorata (“Triffid Weed”) both occur in disturbed places, but are
effectively controlled by periodic droughts.
The only specific alien invader species observed in the area was Tithonia rotundifolia (red sunflower) around
the fence of Kitumba camp and along roadsides in the study area. This species can be easily controlled
mechanically, with chemical follow-ups, if necessary, on seedlings that reappear in cleared areas.
5.10.6 Summary of Ecological Sensitivity
Following ecological surveys, different sensitivity classes and development zones are assigned to specific
areas based on the following parameters:
•
Presence, density and potential impact of development on rare, endemic and protected flora and
fauna species
•
Conservation status of vegetation units
•
Soil types, soil depth and soil clay content
•
Previous land-use
•
State of the vegetation in general as indicated by indicator species
The sensitivity of the project area in terms of these criteria is illustrated in Figure 34. The Map also indicates
the planned project infrastructure in relation to the site sensitivities identified.
AGES Gauteng
-74-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 34: Ecological Sensitivity of the study area
AGES Gauteng
-75-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
5.11 Archaeological and Cultural Environment (Heritage Resources)
While a large number of academic archaeological and historical studies have been conducted in
Zambia, the Kafue region around Mumbwa remains relatively understudied. Available data infer a rich
and diverse archaeological landscape, representative of the phases of human and cultural development
in south-central Africa and number of areas of archaeological and heritage potential occur in the
general surroundings.
During August 2012 and again in March 2013, Mr Neels Kruger conducted surveys of the project site
and surrounding landscape in order to identify and evaluate any heritage or archaeological resources
which may be affected by the proposed project. The following section is based on his specialist report.
No heritage resources were identified in the proposed mining area and the impact zone for the
suggested mine infrastructure. Worth mentioning is that a number of flaked and broken malachite ore
rocks were observed on the site, and while the site does not necessarily attest to human activity in the
area, considering evidence of historical metallurgy in the larger region, the site might well have been a
source of iron and / or copper for metal smiths active in communities bordering the Kitumba hills. The
site is probably of limited heritage significance and, since it has been documented no further action is
recommended in terms of heritage mitigation or conservation.
Lack of evidence of on-site heritage resources should not exempt the project proponent from
conducting the planned activities on site with due cognisance of the larger heritage landscape, and the
potential for undiscovered heritage resources occurring on the site. Opportunity exists to become
involved in regional heritage conservation, not as an “offset” as such, but to demonstrate respect for the
project context.
A number of groups from the surroundings have occupied the region for many generations and have
expressed long-term cultural associations with the landscape. These groups thus associate themselves
with a number of sites of “Living Heritage” occurring in the areas surrounding the project site. Due
cognisance should be taken of these sites of “Living Heritage” in the cultural landscape and the
possible associations that communities might have to these. Applicable conservation measures for
sacred sites and any other heritage features around the project site should be considered based on the
sentiments of traditional guardians, elders and the local communities.
Considering the wealth of heritage occurring in the landscape around the proposed Kitumba mine, as
well as the localised nature of heritage remains, a careful watching brief monitoring process is
recommended for all stages of the project. Should any subsurface palaeontological, archaeological or
historical material or graves be exposed during construction or mining activities, all activities should be
suspended and the archaeological specialist should be notified immediately.
Archaeological and heritage resources in the vicinity of the proposed project site are illustrated in Figure
35.
AGES Gauteng (PTY) LTD
-76-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 35: Archaeological and Heritage Resources in the vicinity of the site
AGES Gauteng (PTY) LTD
-77-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
5.12 Socio-Cultural and Economic Environment
To understand the possible impacts that a project may have on people one needs to understand their existing,
pre-development environment. The following baseline description is derived from the specialist social impact
assessment report compiled by Ptersa Environmental Management Consultants (Aucamp S.-M. 2013). The
description of the social environment includes the identification and analysis of relevant stakeholders; a
description of the area within a national, regional and local context that will focus on the identity and history of
the area as well as a description of the population of the area based on a number of demographic, social and
economic variables.
Zambia is divided into ten provinces and the provinces are divided into approximately 91 districts of which
sixteen were established in 2012. The project site is situated in the Mumbwa District of the Central Province.
The project site lies approximately 50 km North West of Mumbwa, the capital of the District. The closest
villages to the site are Kafucamo and Mpundu. (Aucamp S.-M., 2013).
5.12.1 Culture and community power structures
Zambia is one of the most urbanised countries in sub-Saharan Africa with 44% of the total population
concentrated in a few urban areas. The remaining rural areas, including the project site and surroundings, are
sparsely populated.
The country is culturally very diverse, and current historians and linguistic experts can identify at least 16
major cultural groupings and more than 72 different spoken dialects in the country. Contemporary culture is a
blend of traditions of more than 70 ethnically diverse tribes, most of who moved into the area in a series of
migratory waves a few centuries ago. During the colonial period, the process of industrialisation and
urbanisation saw ethnically different people brought together by economic interests. This, as well as the
influence of western standards, generated a new culture without conscious effort. Many of the rural inhabitants
have however retained their indigenous and traditional customs and values. Zambia is one of the few African
countries with very little tribal animosity and the existence of so many tribes has not proved a significant
political problem such as what has been seen in many other African states.
The site for the proposed mine is located in an area where the Kaonde people live but there is also a number
of Bemba speaking people in the area. The Bemba represents approximately 18% of the population and was
historically nomadic hunter-gatherers. When copper mining began in earnest on the Copperbelt, the Bemba
speaking people migrated here in search of job opportunities. The Kaonde are the descendants of the famous
Luba-Lunda Empire of Zaire and were among the first Zambian tribes to carry out the mining of copper. The
communities in the vicinity of the proposed project and the surrounding land are under tribal leadership of
Chief Kaindu.
The Chiefdom is divided in seven zones with approximately 300 villages. There are 72 headmen (appointed
by the Chief) to assist with the management of the area. Approximately 9 headmen reside in proximity to the
project site. There are also a number of councillors active in the surrounding communities. The neighbouring
AGES Gauteng
-78-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Chiefdom is ruled by Chief Mumba of the Ile/Kaonde people of Mumbwa.
The community group known as the Kaindu Natural Resource Trust (KNRT) is active in the area and has in
the recent past called a meeting with farmers, mining companies and other business stakeholders in the area
to determine what their plans were in terms of social responsibility. The Chiefdom also has a committee that
deals with community projects, called the Kaindu Project Coordinating Committee (KPCC).
5.12.1.1 Information of the cultural rights and practices in the project area
The project area is adjacent to the area under the leadership of Chief Kaindu. The majority of the people
speak Kaonde, but there is also a number of Bemba speaking people in the area.
There is a ceremony called Musaka/Jikubi that usually takes place in September. Religion is very important
and the area and there are a number of churches in the surrounding areas. The number of Kingdom Halls of
the Jehovah’s Witnesses is noticeable. The local communities are conservative with very traditional values,
and Lobola is still widely practiced. Houses are often still built from traditional materials.
Leadership structures and rules are still accepted and obeyed by most of the community members.
5.12.2 Population, age, language, religion, education and family life
The total population of Zambia according to the 2010 National Census of Population and Housing was
13,046,508 with an annual growth rate of 2.8% since 2000. The population of the Central province was
1,267,308 while the Mumbwa district had a population of 218,328 and the second-highest population growth
rate (3.2%).
2
Population density nationally, provincially and in the district is 17.3; 13.4 and 10.3 people per km respectively.
The average household size in the District is 5.4 people per household and consultations in the area have
revealed that local households in the area tend to be large, often with more than six members.
The average age of the population of Zambia is 16.5 years. Life expectancy at birth is approximately 52.57
(Aucamp S.-M. , 2013). 64% of the Zambian population is between 0 – 14 years of age. 25% of the national
population rages in age from 15 – 64 years (the economically active age) and 11% are aged over 65 years.
49% of the population of Zambia are male and 51% female. This is also true of the Central Province, but in
the Mumbwa district representation is 50/50.
The official language in Zambia is English. The most common languages spoken in the vicinity of the study
area are Kaonde and Bemba.
Zambia is officially a Christian nation, but a wide variety of religious traditions exist in the country. In the
immediate surroundings of the study area, many churches and Kingdom Halls of Jehovah’s Witnesses have
been observed. Approximately 1 in 3 Zambians are Jehovah’s Witnesses, which is one of the largest
percentages worldwide. Locals in the vicinity of the project site place high value on their respective religious
AGES Gauteng
-79-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
practices and expect their customs to be respected.
Education in Zambia consists of Basic education from Grade 1 to 9 and upper secondary education from
Grade 10 to 12. Tuition is free up to Grade 7 and the cost of schooling after Grade 7 is out of reach for most
rural families. The closest school to the study area which provides tuition up to Grade 12 is in Mumbwa,
adding further travelling and accommodation costs to the schooling of rural children in the region. Most
children in the area reportedly do not complete secondary schooling. Local educators have indicated that the
levels of illiteracy in the area is very high and that it is a great concern that especially girls drop out of school
early to get married and then do not finish their education (Aucamp S.-M. , 2013).
Adulthood comes at an early age for rural children and especially for girls. Few children manage to start
school before the age of ten and by the age of fifteen they are considered adults with the responsibilities of
marriage, child rearing and tending crops. Having a large number of children is still seen as some form of
wealth or long-term insurance and females (especially in rural areas such as the study area) will typically have
between 6 to 12 children. Men typically marry from the age of about 20 and Lobola is still widely practiced.
Local communities thus appear to be rather conservative with very traditional values. Despite this, divorce is
not uncommon or frowned upon, and in certain instances it seems to be an acceptable practice for men to
have affairs with other women. This creates a very fertile breeding ground for the transmission of HIV/AIDS
and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Unemployment and underemployment in Zambia are serious problems. About 68% of Zambians live below the
recognised national poverty line, with rural poverty rates standing at about 78%.
Most rural Zambians are subsistence farmers (traditionally), but with the lure of economic opportunity in the
cities, many villages are now dominated by women who have to depend on their own ingenuity to generate
cash to support their children and quite often also their elders.
People in the area surrounding the site of the proposed mine are generally poor as there are limited job
opportunities in the area and the natural resources are not sufficient to supply in the needs of everyone. Local
people busy themselves with subsistence farming (although some of the larger farms also commercialize at
least some of their produce), small scale mining, charcoal production, hunting (sometimes poaching) and
fishing in communities closer to the Kafue River. Some residents of local towns run shops that they stock
from Mumbwa.
5.12.2.1 Illiteracy, emolument and dropout rates of people in the project area.
Most schools in the proximity of the project area are community schools that go up to Grade 7 and in some
instances Grade 9. The closest school in the area that offers Grade 12 is in Mumbwa and it is outside the
financial reach of most parents to send their children there.
According to educators in the area the levels of illiteracy are very high and it is a great concern that especially
girls drop out of school early to get married and then do not finish their education.
AGES Gauteng
-80-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Residents have reported that there are five government schools in the area that go up to Grade 9, while the
other schools are community schools.
Statistics on illiteracy, emolument and dropout rates specifically for the area are not readily available, if at all.
A full inventory of the local schools is also not available. The Kalenda Basic School (which is the closest
known school to the site) is approximately 8 km (linear distance) from the project site, although this school is
in excess of 20 km from the mine site by road. As statistics are not readily available and current, the following
information is supplied (http://www.epdc.org/sites/default/files/documents/Zambia_subnatz_Mumbwa.pdf):
Table 11: 2008 Mumbwa District Profile
Grade 1 – 9
Grade 10 – 12
Female pupils
26 366
1 165
Male pupils
28 109
1 609
Teachers
822
138
Schools
152
13
Classrooms
663
152
Textbooks
57 018
427
These statistics (though outdated) indicate a pupil-teacher ratio of approximately 1 teacher for every 60 pupils
and almost 350 pupils per school.
5.12.3 HIV/AIDS infection rate and preventative measures in the project area
Although the local communities seem to be quite conservative with very traditional values, it seems to be an
acceptable practise to have affairs with other women (Aucamp, 2013). Respondents who were consulted with
as part of the Social Impact Assessment (See Appendix 3) have indicated belief that having intercourse with a
woman while she is pregnant may cause damage to the unborn child, and thus many men have indicated that
they would have affairs while their wives are pregnant in order to fulfil their sexual needs in the meantime. This
creates a very fertile breeding ground for the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted
diseases (Aucamp, 2013).
Zambia’s rate of economic growth cannot support rapid population growth or the strain that HIV/AIDS—related
issues place on the economy (Aucamp, 2013). In May 2008 “Estimates put the prevalence of HIV at 15.6%
among
the
15-49
year
old
age
group
in
Zambia”
(http://www.ghinet.org/downloads/Zambia_GHI_Briefing_Sheet_May08_Final.pdf). Reportedly, significant
scale-up of HIV services has occurred throughout Zambia. Between 2004 and 2007 there was a rapid
increase in anti-retroviral (ART) coverage, Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT), and
Voluntary
Counselling
and
Testing
(VCT)
services
(http://www.ghinet.org/downloads/Zambia_policybrief_hr.pdf). The following statistics are relevant to the
Mumbwa
district
where
the
proposed
project
is
to
be
located
(http://www.google.co.za/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&ved=0CIEBEBYwBQ&url=ht
tp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghinet.org%2Fdownloads%2FPoster_PMTCT_Task_sharing%28Final%29.ppt&ei=qMVk
UsfgDrOY1AWGrYDQBw&usg=AFQjCNGqW-xl5R-
AGES Gauteng
-81-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
DoVhI0CKdfPVDZHhMhA&sig2=PDeYLa7rXaT9sIcPLcef6g&bvm=bv.54934254,d.Yms):
2007
2005
PMTCT client numbers
39
2940
Staff
numbers
PMTCT alone
2
4
Staff
numbers
delivering
PMTCT and other services
22
32
No. of clinical staff (doctors,
nurses and clinical officers)
98
91
No. of nurses/midwives
65
68
PMTCT
workers
as
a
proportion of all nurses/nurse
midwives
37%
53%
PMTCT
workers
as
a
proportion of all clinical staff
25%
40%
Ratio of antenatal clinic clients
to nurses/midwives
435
413
delivering
5.12.4 Industry
The Zambian government is pursuing an economic diversification program to reduce the economy’s reliance
on the copper industry. Inflation was 30% in 2000 and decreased to 8.9% in 2007. The annual rate of
inflation, derived from the revised all items Consumer Price Index (CPI) was recorded at 6.4 per cent in
January 2012 (Central Statistical Office, 2012). The following paragraphs briefly discuss the main economic
industries in Zambia.
Agriculture is discussed under Section 5.7 of this Report as it is a common Land Use in the vicinity of the
study area. Briefly it may be stated that Agriculture is and will continue to be central to the growth of the
Zambian economy. Worth mentioning are the activities of Amatheon Agri Zambia Ltd, a local subsidiary of a
multinational agricultural production company, in the vicinity of the project site.
Energy sources in Zambia include electricity, petroleum, coal, biomass and renewable energy. Electricity
demand has been growing at an approximate average of 3% per annum.
Hydro-Power contributes
approximately 10% to the national energy supply and is the most important energy source in the country apart
from wood fuel.
Zambia imports petroleum, but apart from that is self-sufficient in all its energy sources. Zambia’s current
proven coal deposits are estimated to be about 80 million tonnes, but there are only two coal mines in the
country, and no coal-fired power plants. Utilization of solar and wind energy has remained relatively low.
The Manufacturing sector accounts for approximately 11% of the national GDP and growth in this sector is
mainly attributed to the agro-processing, textiles and leather subsectors. Secondary processing of metals
(including the smelting and refining of copper) is another main activity which has led to the manufacturing of
metal products. Manufactured goods contribute an average of 25% of the country’s total exports.
AGES Gauteng
-82-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Mining has played a key role in the social and economic development of the country and is central to the
Zambian economy. Zambia is the largest copper producer in Africa and the country is endowed with
substantial mineral wealth including metals such as gold, copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, iron, manganese, nickel
and platinum group elements, gemstones, industrial minerals, as well as uranium, coal and hydrocarbons.
Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in Zambia and is seen as one of the prime sectors of the
economy. The tourism sector contributes approximately 6.5% of the country’s GDP. There are 938 tourist
accommodation establishments throughout Zambia. About two thirds of visitors to Zambia are from Africa and
approximately 20% from Europe.
Zambia offers a wealth of natural tourism assets and wildlife protected areas occupy about 10% of the
country’s total land area. There are a total of 20 national parks, 34 GMAs and 23 million hectares of land
devoted to conservation. Eco-tourism and adventure activities, cultural tourism and movie tourism are
regarded as under-explored opportunities.
In the immediate vicinity of the proposed project site lies the Mushingashi Conservancy as well as the KNP
(see section 5.7) which are important tourism facilities for the region.
5.12.4.1 Local economic activities in relation to local people’s livelihood
People in the area are generally very poor as job opportunities are very limited. People make a livelihood
through activities like subsistence farming, small shops, small-scale mining, illegal charcoal making, hunting,
poaching and fishing. Economic activities in the area that provide employment opportunities are commercial
agriculture, tourism (Kafue National Park as well as private game concessions) and small-scale mining.
There is a farmers’ association and a small-scale mining association in the area.
5.12.5 Service Infrastructure
Infrastructure in the vicinity of the study area is generally limited. Local residents source water from
boreholes, generally with hand-pumps, and residents walk or cycle in order to have access. Some residents
also get water from small streams directly.
There is no sewerage system in the villages of the study area. Several houses have self-constructed pitlatrines outside. It is assumed that the field is used as a toilet by some. Some of the nearby farms and the
existing exploration camp have toilet facilities connected to a septic tank system, which are emptied by
tankers regularly.
The study area does not have electricity although there are plans to connect to the national electricity grid.
Local people use mainly wood or charcoal to supply their current needs. There are also a few diesel
generators in the area, including at the exploration camp, the prison farm, and some households and local
businesses.
AGES Gauteng
-83-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
The transport system around the study area is not well developed. The roads are all gravel/dirt roads and
generally in a poor condition. The primary mode of transport in the local areas is either by foot or bicycle.
Social Infrastructure (health care, education, recreation etc.) is also mostly insufficient in the project area. The
nearest hospital is in Mumbwa, and the clinics in local villages are often incapable of meeting demands.
Traditional healers play an important role in local health care. Zambia has a relatively high burden of diseases
that require high consumption of pharmaceutical products such as malaria and HIV/AIDS presenting many
challenges.
There are approximately five government schools in the vicinity of the project providing tuition up to Grade 9,
where after children have to go to Mumbwa for schooling. There are no proper sports fields or other such
recreational social infrastructure in the area.
The preceding sections have highlighted a number of existing social conditions prevalent in the areas
surrounding the proposed development. It is essential that the local communities be treated with respect and
duly consulted about development in their area. Without a “social license to operate” any project runs the risk
of significant public opposition.
5.12.6 Transport and Traffic
The M9 is the main regional road in the area. The road is tarred and in good condition. From Mumbwa, this
road continues in a westerly direction to the KNP and the road sees some traffic due to tourism activities in the
region. This is also the road up to Mumbwa that would typically be used by tourists on their way to
Mushingashi.
Existing vehicle traffic volumes on local roads such as the D181 are limited. Traffic through Mumbwa is
significantly more prominent than in the surrounding rural areas. Traffic on the outskirts of and through
Lusaka is significantly congested although there are rumours of future plans by the Roads Development
Agency (RDA) to develop a bypass (Havenga, June 2013). Thus in terms of existing transportation
infrastructure, challenges presented to the Project nearer the mine site relate mainly to adequacy of
infrastructure (poor road conditions) while closer to Lusaka, the main concern is related to time lost due to
traffic congestion.
Local roads through Mumbwa are used to gain site access. These are unpaved roads and are generally in a
very poor condition. Street vendors and pedestrians occupy the sides of the street right up to the road, which
is not demarcated with clear road signs or pavements. The road from Mumbwa to the project site is a dirt
road in poor condition. In some areas, tall grass grows right up to the edge of the road, hampering visibility.
During the rainy season, much of the area is not easily negotiable. Local inhabitants use the roads for access
mostly by foot or bicycles. Few vehicles were observed.
The road conditions referred to above are illustrated in Figure 36
AGES Gauteng
-84-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Vehicle and pedestrian traffic through Lusaka
The M9 west of Lusaka en route to Mumbwa
The traffic circle in Mumbwa
Road just west of the traffic circle in Mumbwa en route to
site
Road D181 en route to site
Access to the mine from D181
Figure 36: Existing Road Conditions
AGES Gauteng
-85-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
6
Environmental Impact Study
IMPACTS
The following sub-sections highlight the key environmental, socio-cultural and economic impacts
potentially associated with the proposed project. Significance of an impact is a function of the severity of
the potential impact (in terms of actual consequence or severity, duration or frequency and spatial scale or
extent of the impact, as well as the sensitivity of the element being impacted) and the probability of the
impact occurring.
The key issues and potential environmental impacts discussed in this section have been identified through
specialist investigations, professional understanding of the project team, and consultation with relevant
authorities and a range of stakeholders.
6.1
Stakeholder Engagement and Public Participation
Public Participation is one of the most important aspects of the environmental evaluation and authorization
process. This stems from the requirement that people have the right to be informed about potential
decisions that may affect them and that they must be afforded an opportunity to influence those decisions.
Effective public participation also improves the ability of the competent authority (ZEMA) to make informed
decisions as the views of all parties are considered.
The Public Participation Process:
•
Provides an opportunity for interested and affected parties (I&APs) to obtain clear, accurate and
comprehensive information about the proposed activity, its alternatives or the decisions and the
environmental impacts thereof;
•
Provides I&APs with an opportunity to indicate their viewpoints, issues and concerns regarding the
activity, alternatives and/or the decisions;
•
Provides I&APs with the opportunity of suggesting ways of avoiding, reducing or mitigating
negative impacts of an activity and for enhancing positive impacts;
•
Enables an applicant to incorporate the needs, preferences and values of I&APs into the activity;
•
Provides opportunities to avoid and resolve disputes and reconcile conflicting interests;
•
Enhances transparency and accountability in decision-making.
6.1.1
Interested and Affected Parties
Every individual potentially affected by this project is a stakeholder in the project. The definition of a
stakeholder is:
Any individual, group, or institution who has a vested interest in the social, economic or bio-
AGES Gauteng
-86-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
physical resources of the project area and/or who potentially will be affected by project activities
and have something to gain or lose if conditions change or stay the same (Adapted from WWF,
2005).
Stakeholders who were consulted in the context of the Kitumba project include:
•
Chief Kaindu and his tribal council consisting of several headmen
•
Teachers at Kaindu Basic School: Danny Dilema, Peter Chisanga, Virginia Mubuyaeta
•
Mr. Chabinga at Mpusu Basic School
•
Darryl Watt from Mushingashi Game Concession
•
Mumbwa Artisinal Mining Association
•
Mumbwa Farmer’s Association
•
Residents of Mpundu Village and Kafucamo Village
•
Mumbwa Prison Farm;
•
Kafue National Park (Zambia Wildlife Authority – ZAWA)
•
Zambia Air Force (ZAF);
•
Andy Fleming, CEO of Amatheon Agri Zambia Ltd, who are in the process of developing a new
irrigated cropping operation for food production in the Big Concession area adjacent to the
proposed project.
•
Mr Tandi Kamanga of African Deposits who has certain mining / exploration rights on land in the
vicinity of the proposed project.
•
The Zambian Roads Development Agency (RDA) (consulted via the traffic engineers).
Please refer to Appendix 2 for details of the consultations that took place as part of the EIS process.
6.1.2
Summary of Consultation / Issues Discussed
Stakeholders who were consulted commented on the following aspects relating to the proposed project:
For full details refer to Appendix 2.
•
Communities in the area have had bad experiences with mines in the past (promises not kept,
unacceptable working conditions, low remuneration for long hours, lack of rehabilitation etc.) –
there are trust issues that will have to be overcome.
AGES Gauteng
-87-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
•
Environmental Impact Study
In general, communities welcome the mine because of the opportunities that it will bring –
unemployment is very high in the area.
•
Unemployment is very high in the area and jobs are scarce. There are some skilled people (brick
layers, carpenters, drivers, machine operators etc.) in the local villages, but these people often do
not have the required paperwork in place. Stakeholders have indicated that they would be willing
to obtain the appropriate papers if they were to get the necessary support.
•
Environmental aspects of particular concern are increased poaching, water pollution,
environmental pollution.
•
Impact on tourism activities in the area should be considered (visual, quality of environment,
sense of place).
•
The Communities have high expectations regarding the mine – care should be taken that the
mine does not become a “surrogate government” that supplies things that the government should
take care of.
•
Consultation with stakeholders is an on-going process and stakeholder engagement should be
prioritized throughout the life of the mining operations. Consultation should be expanded to
include grassroots communities – not only the leadership, and vulnerable parties such as women,
the youth and the elderly should be included in the process.
•
They claimed that BHP Billiton tolerated nepotism in such that supervisors appointed friends and
family members. They would like it if Blackthorn also engages with the grassroots people, not only
with community leaders. It appears as though there are some trust issues with the mining
industry.
•
There is some concern among local communities that the community representatives (who are
regularly consulted) do not always bring the right issues to the table, and that grassroots people
need to be consulted as well.
The establishment of a community liaison forum with
representatives from different groups such as women, youth and the elderly should be
investigated — this practice seems to be culturally acceptable and will ensure that the views of all
potentially interested and affected parties are considered.
•
Some of the women expressed a concern that they see no women employed in the mining arena
— they would like to see more opportunities for women
AGES Gauteng
-88-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
6.2
Environmental Impact Study
Impact Assessment Methodology (After Plomp, 20043)
An impact can be defined as any change in the physical-chemical, biological, cultural and/or socio-economic
environmental system that can be attributed to human activities related to alternatives under study for meeting
a project need. The significance of the potential impacts of the proposed project will be rated by using a
matrix derived from Plomp (2004) and adapted to fit this specific proposed project. This matrix uses the
consequence and the likelihood of the different aspects and associated impacts to determine the significance
of the impacts.
The significances of the impacts are determined through a synthesis of the following criteria:
Table 12: Impact Significance Criteria
Probability: This describes the likelihood of the impact actually occurring.
Weight
Improbable:
The possibility of the impact occurring is very low, due to the circumstances, design or
experience.
1
Probable:
There is a probability that the impact will occur to the extent that provision must be made
thereof.
2
Highly
Probable
It is most likely that the impact will occur at some stage of the development.
4
Definite:
The impact will take place regardless of any prevention plans, and there can only be relied
on mitigatory actions or contingency plans to contain the effect.
5
Duration: The lifetime of the impact
Weight
Short term:
The impact will either disappear with mitigation or will be mitigated through natural
processes in a time span shorter than any of the phases of the project.
1
Medium
term:
The impact will last up to the end of the project’s phases, where after it will be negated.
3
Long term:
The impact will last for the entire operational phase of the project but will be mitigated by
direct human action or by natural processes thereafter.
4
Permanent:
Impact that will be non-transitory. Mitigation either by man or natural processes will not
occur in such a way or in such a time span that the impact can be considered transient.
5
Scale: The physical and spatial size of the impact
Weight
Footprint:
The impacted area extends only as far as the activity, e.g. footprint
1
Site:
The impact could affect the whole, or a measurable portion of the property.
2
Regional:
The impact could affect the area including the neighbouring residential areas.
3
Magnitude/ Severity: Does the impact destroy the environment, or alter its function.
Weight
Low:
2
The impact alters the affected environment in such a way that natural processes are not
affected.
3 Plomp, H. 2004. A process for assessing and evaluating environmental management risk and significance in a gold mining company.
Conference Papers-Annual National Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment: South African Affiliate
AGES Gauteng
-89-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Medium:
The affected environment is altered, but functions and processes continue in a modified
way.
6
High:
Function or process of the affected environment is disturbed to the extent where it
temporarily or permanently ceases.
8
Significance: This is an indication of the importance of the impact in terms of both physical extent and
time scale, and therefore indicates the level of mitigation required.
Rating
Significance is equal to the sum of the duration, scale and magnitude of an impact, multiplied by the probability
of the impact occurring.
Negligible:
The impact is non-existent or unsubstantial and is of no or little importance to any
stakeholder and can be ignored.
0<20
Low:
The impact is limited in extent, has low to medium intensity; whatever its probability of
occurrence is, the impact will not have a material effect on the decision and is likely to
require management intervention with increased costs.
20<40
Moderate:
The impact is of importance to one or more stakeholders, and its intensity will be medium or
high; therefore, the impact may materially affect the decision to implement, and
management intervention will be required.
40<60
High:
The impact could render development options controversial or the project unacceptable if it
cannot be reduced to acceptable levels; and/or the cost of management intervention will be
a significant factor in mitigation.
>60
For example: If an impact has a high probability of occurrence, of medium term duration and a high
magnitude, with site specific scale the significance of that impact is determined in the following way:
Significance = Sum (Duration, Scale, Magnitude) x Probability
= (3 + 2 + 6) x 4 = 44
Therefore Significance is rated as Moderate
The significance of each potential impact will be rated without mitigation measures and with mitigation
measures.
6.3
Impact Assessment Structure
Impacts on the identified key issues will be assessed according to the following structure:
•
The Source of the impact: will be identified (e.g. vegetation clearance, vehicles on dirt roads, etc.).
•
A Description of the impact - the interaction between the activity and the environment, i.e. how and
why the impact occurs and how the activity changes the environment.
•
Significance: an explanation of the significance rating of the impact without mitigation, as above (the
impacts are rated again in Section 7 of this report, after Mitigation measures have been applied.
•
Mitigation: The mitigation measures that can be implemented to eliminate or minimise negative
impacts or result in the optimization of positive benefits must, wherever possible be expressed as
practical actions – Refer to Section 7 of this report for more details.
AGES Gauteng
-90-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
6.4
Environmental Impact Study
Impact Assessment
Table 13 represents a quantitative assessment of the significance of the various potential impacts which have
been identified as per the methodology described above. These impacts are rated without any mitigation,
management or preventative measures in place. In Section 7 of this report, mitigation measures are
identified and the impacts are rated again taking the successful implementation of these measures into
account. Please refer to Table 14
The impacts are grouped in terms of the sphere of impact (environmental, socio-cultural or economic)
although it must be acknowledged that some impacts will occur simultaneously in more than one of these
spheres. The project phase in which the impacts are expected is also indicated.
6.5
Significant Impacts
Following the impact assessment of each of the identified possible environmental impacts, the following
potential impacts are deemed to be the most significant (without implementation of mitigation measures):
•
Air Quality Impacts resulting from All Sources at the operations, causing Incremental PM10 Impact
during the operational phase of the mine.
•
Lowering of water levels of surrounding (within 3 km radius) water supply boreholes, due to the
dewatering radius of influence.
•
Inrush of groundwater to mine tunnels and stopes, potentially leading to loss of life.
•
Groundwater and surface water contamination by copper, cobalt, cadmium and manganese due to
contaminants leaching from mine waste facilities.
•
Radioactive contaminants from mine waste facilities, due to uranium being concentrated in the
product.
•
Groundwater seeping into the underground workings, causing the filling up of the shaft(s) and
workings and leading to impacts on operations and mining schedule.
•
Negative impacts on surface and groundwater quality due to Migration of TSF and WRD plume
(northwest).
•
Damage to or destruction of undiscovered heritage or archaeological resources, during construction,
operation and decommissioning of the mining project and associated projects (roads, water supply
etc.).
•
Impacts on Health and social wellbeing: Impacts on physical health due to influx of people putting
pressure on infrastructure and resources, increased disease, accidents and injuries.
AGES Gauteng
-91-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
•
Environmental Impact Study
Influx of people creating a platform for opportunistic and other criminals: Impacts on Health and social
wellbeing: Crime - increased theft, social ills and poaching.
•
Shortage of social and physical infrastructure (Impact on quality of the living environment) due to
influx of people putting additional pressure on infrastructure (roads, sanitation etc.)
•
Habitat fragmentation due to Vegetation clearing and construction, Storage of Tailings; Laydown
areas for stockpiles and waste rock, roads as well as in the subsistence zone (depression and cracks
caused by SLC).
•
Increased soil erosion and sedimentation at the Sidewalls of depression created by SLC mining,
causing increased hardened surfaces around infrastructure and exposed areas created alongside the
mining area.
•
Increased soil erosion and sedimentation due to increased hardened surfaces created at the project
site.
•
Dust contamination due to exposure of rock, ore and soil to rainfall and wind, stockpiling, Materials
handling, vehicle entrainment and windblown dust.
•
Light pollution due to construction of mining infrastructure, access roads etc.
•
Habitat Destruction in wetlands due to Clearing of vegetation, construction of infrastructure etc., and
placement of stockpiles, TSF and WRD on wetlands.
•
Dust contamination in wetlands due to movement of construction vehicles, stockpiling, Materials
handling, vehicle entrainment and windblown dust, and movement of vehicles on site for
rehabilitation.
•
Soil Compaction due to regular heavy vehicle movement, and laydown areas.
•
Soil Destruction and sterilization due to topsoil stripping and mine construction
•
Soil Destruction and sterilization due to the Depression created by SLC operations (will be more
severe with opencast mining methods).
AGES Gauteng
-92-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Table 13: Impact identification and significance rating WITHOUT MITIGATION
No
Activity/Aspect
1 Air Quality
1.1
All construction
activities
Earthworks
1.2
Site Development
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.8
Increased PM10 and PM 2.5 on
and around the project site
activities
Decreased air quality due to
increased PM10 and PM2.5 and
dust
Decreased air quality due to
increased PM10 and PM2.5 and
dust
Phase
Probability
Construction
Civil Works
Decreased air quality due to
increased PM10 and PM2.5 and
dust
Construction
Incremental PM2.5 Impact
Operational
All Sources of
emissions to the
atmosphere
All Sources of
emissions to the
atmosphere
Unpaved Roads
Wind erosion
1.9
1.
Materials handling
10
1.11 Ventilation shafts
AGES Gauteng
Incremental PM10 Impact
Incremental PM2.5 and PM10
Impact
Incremental PM2.5 and PM10
Impact
Incremental PM2.5 and PM10
Impact
Incremental PM2.5 and PM10
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
(WOM)
Medium
Term
Site
Medium
22
Low
Probable
Medium
Term
Local
Low
12
Negligible
Probable
Medium
Term
Local
Low
12
Negligible
Probable
Medium
Term
Site
Medium
22
Low
Improbable
Medium
Term
Local
Low
6
Negligible
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
52
Moderate
Definite
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
65
High
Long Term
Regional
Medium
52
Moderate
Probable
Long Term
Local
Low
14
Negligible
Probable
Improbable
Long Term
Long Term
Local
Local
Low
Medium
14
11
Negligible
Negligible
Construction
Air quality impacts from
increased dust
Duration
Probable
Construction
Movement of
vehicles and
personnel on
unpaved roads
1.5
1.6
Impact
Construction
Operational
Operational
Operational
Operational
Operational
-93-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
Activity/Aspect
Environmental Impact Study
Impact
Impact
Incremental PM2.5 and PM10
Impact
Incremental PM10 Impact
Phase
Bulldozing
Incremental PM10 Impact
Operational
Incline Shaft
PM2.5 and PM 10 Impacts
Closure
Topsoil and waste
1.16 dumps
PM2.5 and PM 10 Impacts
Closure
PM2.5 and PM 10 Impacts
Closure
PM2.5 and PM 10 Impacts
Closure
PM2.5 and PM 10 Impacts
Closure
PM2.5 and PM 10 Impacts
Closure
Crushing
1.12
1.13 Grading
1.14
1.15
1.17
Processing Plant
Admin and HR
1.18 facilities
Unpaved Roads
1.19
1.
Blasting
20
2 Hydrogeology
Establishment
of
construction camp
and
sanitation
2.1 facilities
Probability
Operational
Operational
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Long Term
Long Term
Site
Local
Medium
Medium
24
22
Low
Low
Local
Medium
44
Moderate
Local
Low
6
Negligible
Local
Low
12
Negligible
Local
Low
6
Negligible
Local
Low
6
Negligible
Probable
Long Term
Medium
Term
Medium
Term
Medium
Term
Medium
Term
Medium
Term
Local
Low
12
Negligible
Improbable
Short Term
Local
Low
4
Negligible
Short Term
Site
Medium
36
Low
Probable
Probable
Highly
Probable
Improbable
Probable
Improbable
Improbable
Negative impacts on Groundwater Pre-construction
quality
and Construction Highly
Probable
2.2
Use of explosives for Contribute to nitrates overload to Pre-construction Highly
decline development groundwater
and Construction Probable
Medium
Term
Site
Medium
44
Moderate
2.3
Hydrocarbon
spillages
(construction
vehicles)
Negative impacts on Groundwater Pre-construction
quality
and Construction Highly
Probable
Short Term
Site
High
44
Moderate
2.4
Surface
Probable
Short Term
Regional
High
24
Low
AGES Gauteng
water Negative impacts on surface water Preconstruction
-94-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
Environmental Impact Study
Activity/Aspect
contamination
Impact
quality
Phase
and Construction
Probability
2.5
Anthropogenic
activities on site
Negative impacts on surface and Preconstruction
groundwater quality
and Construction Probable
2.6
Lowering
water
levels
of
Dewatering radius of
surrounding (3km radius) water
influence
supply boreholes.
2.7
Inrush
of
groundwater to mine Loss of Life
tunnels and stopes
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Short Term
Site
High
22
Low
Definite
Long Term
Regional
Medium
65
High
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
High
64
High
2.8
Lowering water levels of wetlands
Dewatering radius of
(3km
radius),
decrease Operational
influence
groundwater head
Definite
Long Term
Local
Medium
55
Moderate
2.9
Contaminant leaching Groundwater and surface water
from mine waste contamination by copper, cobalt, Operational
facilities
cadmium and manganese
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
High
64
High
2.1
Uranium
Radioactive contaminants from
concentrated in the
Operational
mine waste facilities
product
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
High
64
High
Contamination of surface and
Chemicals used in
groundwater by point source Operational
mining activities
2.11
chemicals
Highly
Probable
Medium
Term
Regional
Medium
48
Moderate
Groundwater
seepage
underground
2.12 workings
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
High
64
High
Increased runoff due increased erosion and silt loading
Operational
2.13 to mining activities
on surface water bodies
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Site
Medium
48
Moderate
Negative impacts on groundwater
Operational
(from and surface water quality
Highly
Probable
Medium
Term
Site
Medium
44
Moderate
Hydrocarbon
2.14 spillages
AGES Gauteng
to
Operational
Filling up mine shaft negative
impact on mine schedule and Operational
operations
-95-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
Activity/Aspect
Impact
storage facilities or
vehicles)
Environmental Impact Study
Phase
Probability
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Presence of nitrates in water
derived from mine workings Operational
(impacts on water quality)
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Low
36
Low
Contaminated
Negative impacts on groundwater
stormwater runoff
Operational
and surface water quality
2.16 from mine workings
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Site
Medium
48
Moderate
Inrushes of water
Negative impacts on production
caused by subsidence
Operational
and poses a safety risk
2.17 and cracking
Definite
Long Term
Local
High
65
High
Unstable
underground
Negative impacts on production
Operational
conditions due to the and poses a safety risk
2.18 effects of subsidence
Highly
Probable
Medium
Term
Local
High
48
Moderate
Mine
dewatering
effects decreasing - Rising of water levels and increase Closure
and
post
operational in borehole yields for water supply Post-Closure
2.19 rewatering
Definite
Permanent
Local
Low
40
Low
Increased water levels of wetlands
Re-watering radius of
Closure
and
(3km radius) and increased
influence
Post-Closure
2.20
groundwater head
Probable
Long Term
Local
Medium
22
Low
Leaching
of Contamination of groundwater and
Closure
and
contaminants from surface water by copper, cobalt,
Highly
Post-Closure
2.21 mine waste facilities cadmium and manganese
Probable
Permanent
Regional
High
64
High
Radioactive
Uranium concentrated in product.
Closure
and
contaminants from Residual concentrations in WRD
Highly
Post-Closure
2.22 mine waste facilities and TSF (probably low)
Probable
Permanent
Site
High
60
Moderate
2.23 Use
Medium
Site
Medium
22
Low
Use of explosives
2.15
of
AGES Gauteng
and Probable
explosives Groundwater contamination by Closure
-96-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
Activity/Aspect
Impact
causing presence of nitrates due to blasting
nitrates
Environmental Impact Study
Duration
Term
Scale
Post operational void
lake
acidification
Negative impacts on groundwater Closure
and
caused by oxygen
and surface water quality
Post-Closure
ingress
due
to
Highly
2.24 subsidence
Probable
Permanent
Regional
High
64
High
Migration of TDF and
Negative impacts on surface and Closure
and
WRD
plume
groundwater quality
Post-Closure
2.25 (northwest)
Definite
Permanent
Site
High
75
High
Improbable
Medium
Term
Local
Low
6
Negligible
Improbable
Long Term
Site
High
14
Negligible
Improbable
Medium
Term
Site
Medium
11
Negligible
Highly
Probable
Medium
Term
Regional
Medium
48
Moderate
3 Noise
All construction, site
clearance and
3.1 preparations
Ventilation shaft,
processing plant,
underground mining
operations,
Stockpiling and
3.2 dumping
Decommissioning,
dismantling, loading,
3.3 dozing, vehicles
4 Visual Impact
Presence of
construction
vehicles, machinery,
equipment and
4.1 personnel
AGES Gauteng
Noise disturbance and nuisance
Noise disturbance and nuisance
Noise disturbance and nuisance
Alteration of key elements,
features and characteristics of the
baseline visual environment
Phase
Post-Closure
Probability
Construction
Magnitude
Significance
Operational
Closure
Construction
-97-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Presence of
construction and
Alteration of key elements,
mining vehicles,
features and characteristics of the
machinery,
baseline visual environment
equipment and
4.2 personnel
Presence of vehicles,
Alteration of key elements,
machinery,
features and characteristics of the
equipment and
baseline visual environment
4.3 personnel
5 Impact on Heritage resources
Construction,
operation and
decommissioning of Damage to or destruction of
the mining project
undiscovered heritage or
and associated
archaeological resources
projects (roads,
5.1 water supply etc.).
6 Social Impacts
Development in the
Change in cultural values and
area causing inintegrity (Impact on Social
migration of
Dynamics)
6.1 foreigners
Influx of people to
Negative impacts on existing
the surrounding
community cohesion (Impact on
villages due to
Social Dynamics)
6.2 opportunities
Job-creation for local
people and for
Social differentiation and inequity
people from outside,
(Impact on Social Dynamics)
inappropriate
6.3 procurement policies
AGES Gauteng
Environmental Impact Study
Phase
Probability
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Operational
Closure
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
52
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
Medium
56
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
High
64
High
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Site
High
60
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Site
High
56
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
52
Moderate
Construction,
operation and
closure
Construction
Construction
Construction
-98-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
Environmental Impact Study
Activity/Aspect
Conflict about
available jobs and
who should benefit
from the project.
Cultural change due
to influx and
economic changes
for some.
Unrealistically high
community
expectations of
benefits due to
project
Mine staff residing
away from their
families
Impact
Phase
Social tension and violence
(Impact on Social Dynamics)
Construction
and operation
Change in sense of
belonging due to
influx of people
Influx of people
putting pressure on
infrastructure and
resources, increased
disease, accidents
and injuries
Impacts on water
quality/availability,
increased traffic,
unfair labour
practices
AGES Gauteng
Probability
Aspirations and expectations of
community not realized (causing
tension and distrust). (Impact on
Social Dynamics)
Construction
Alterations in Family structures.
(Impact on Social Dynamics)
Construction
and operation
Community identification and
connection (Impact on Social
Dynamics)
Construction
and operation
Impacts on Health and social
wellbeing: Impacts on physical
health
Construction
and operation
Impacts on Health and social
wellbeing: Impacts on personal
safety (physical and
psychological)
Construction
and operation
-99-
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Site
High
56
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
High
60
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
High
60
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Site
Medium
48
Moderate
Definite
Permanent
Regional
High
80
High
Highly
Probable
Medium
Term
Regional
High
56
Moderate
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
7.2
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Influx of people
Impacts on Health and social
creating a platform
wellbeing: Crime - increased
for opportunistic and
theft, social ills and poaching
other criminals
Influx of people
putting additional
Shortage of social and physical
pressure on
infrastructure (Impact on quality
infrastructure
of the living environment)
(roads, sanitation
etc.)
presence of mine
Alteration of sense of place /
infrastructure,
environmental amenity value /
vehicles, machinery
aesthetic quality (negative impact
and personnel
on tourism)
Animal human
Conflicting land uses with
interaction and
neighbouring activities
resultant industry
(conservation vs. mining)
conflicts
Impacts on Biodiversity
Vegetation clearing
Destruction of habitat
and construction
Storage of Tailings;
Laydown areas for
stockpiles and waste
Direct habitat destruction
rock, depression and
cracks from SLC
Mining method
Habitat fragmentation
7.3
Vegetation clearing
and construction
7.4
Storage of Tailings;
Laydown areas for
Habitat fragmentation
6.
10
6.11
6.12
6.13
7
7.1
AGES Gauteng
Environmental Impact Study
Phase
Probability
Construction
and operation
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Definite
Medium
Term
Regional
High
70
High
Definite
Medium
Term
Regional
High
70
High
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Local
High
56
Moderate
Definite
Medium
Term
Local
High
60
Moderate
Definite
Permanent
Local
Medium
60
Moderate
Definite
Long Term
Local
Medium
55
Moderate
Definite
Permanent
Local
High
70
High
Definite
Permanent
Local
High
70
High
Construction
and operation
Construction
and operation
Construction
and operation
Construction
Operational
Construction
Operational
-100-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
7.7
Activity/Aspect
stockpiles and waste
rock, depression and
cracks from SLC
Rehabilitation of SLC
depression (filling
and levelling of
cracks)
Exposure of rock, ore
and soil to rainfall
and wind
Sidewalls of SLC
depression and
Increased hardened
surfaces created at
the project site
soil erosion
7.8
Rehabilitation
activities
Spillages of harmful substances
7.9
Movement of
vehicles on site
Domestic and
hazardous waste
storage and disposal,
7.10 sewage treatment
Spillages of harmful substances
7.5
7.6
Impact
Phase
Habitat Fragmentation
Closure
Soil erosion
Increased soil erosion and
sedimentation
Movement of
Spillages of harmful substances
7.11 vehicles on site
Exposure of rock, ore
and soil to rainfall
Dust contamination
7.12 and wind
AGES Gauteng
Environmental Impact Study
Probability
Construction
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Local
Medium
48
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
52
Moderate
Definite
Long Term
Regional
High
75
High
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
Medium
56
Moderate
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
26
Low
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
26
Low
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
26
Low
Definite
Long Term
Regional
High
75
High
Operational
Closure
Construction
Operational
Closure
Construction
-101-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
Activity/Aspect
Stockpiling,
Materials handling,
vehicle entrainment
7.13 and windblown dust
Rehabilitation
7.14 activities
Continued
movement of
personnel and
vehicles on and off
site, and deliver of
7.15 materials
Transporting of
people and
7.16 equipment
Movement of
7.17 vehicles on site
Construction of
infrastructure, roads
7.18 etc.
workers
accommodation on
7.19 site
Presence of
7.20 labourers on site
Continued
movement of
personnel and
vehicles on and off
7.21 site, and deliver of
AGES Gauteng
Environmental Impact Study
Impact
Phase
Dust
Operational
Dust
Spread of alien invasive species
Spread of alien invasive species
Spread of alien invasive species
Probability
Closure
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Definite
Long Term
Regional
High
75
High
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
Medium
56
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
Medium
56
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
Medium
56
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
Medium
56
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Medium
Term
Site
Medium
44
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Medium
Term
Site
Medium
44
Moderate
Probable
Long Term
Site
Medium
24
Low
Highly
Probable
Medium
Term
Site
Medium
44
Moderate
Construction
Operational
Closure
Negative impacts of human
activities
Construction
Negative effects of human
activities on flora
Operational
Negative effects of human
activities on flora
Closure
Fauna mortality on roads
Construction
-102-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
Activity/Aspect
materials
Movement of
vehicles on and off
site and delivery of
7.22 materials
Movement of
7.23 vehicles on site
Construction of
mining
infrastructure,
7.24 access roads etc.
Mining operations
7.25 during night time
8 Impacts on Wetlands
Clearing of
vegetation,
construction of
8.1 infrastructure etc.
Placement of
stockpiles, TSF and
8.2 WRD on wetlands
Increased hardened
surfaces and
8.3 exposed areas
Increased hardened
surfaces and
8.4 exposed areas
Rehabilitation
8.5 activities
AGES Gauteng
Environmental Impact Study
Impact
Phase
Fauna mortality on roads
Operational
Fauna mortality
Light pollution
Probability
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Highly
Probable
Medium
Term
Regional
High
56
Moderate
Probable
Long Term
Site
Medium
24
Low
Definite
Regional
High
75
High
Definite
Long Term
Medium
Term
Regional
Medium
60
Moderate
Definite
Permanent
Local
High
70
High
Definite
Long Term
Local
High
65
High
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
52
Moderate
Long Term
Regional
Medium
52
Moderate
Permanent
Regional
Medium
56
Moderate
Closure
Construction
Light pollution
Operational
Habitat Destruction
Pre-construction
and
construction
Direct habitat destruction
Operational
Soil compaction and erosion
leading to sedimentation
Pre-construction
and
construction
Increased soil erosion and
sedimentation
Operational
Increased soil erosion and
sedimentation
Closure and
Post-Closure
-103-
Highly
Probable
Highly
Probable
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
Activity/Aspect
Exposure of rock, ore
and soil to rainfall
and wind, and
vehicle movement
Large vehicles - oil
and fuel spillages,
building waste,
batching plants,
sewage and
domestic waste,
topsoil storage
Movement of
vehicles on site for
rehabilitation
Movement of
construction vehicles
Stockpiling,
Materials handling,
8.
vehicle entrainment
10 and windblown dust
Movement of
vehicles on site for
8.11 rehabilitation
Movement of
personnel and
vehicles on and off
site and delivery of
8.12 materials
Movement of
personnel and
8.13 vehicles on and off
AGES Gauteng
Environmental Impact Study
Impact
Phase
Water pollution from spillages of
harmful substances
Pre-construction
and
construction
Water pollution from spillages
Water pollution from spillages
Dust contamination
Dust contamination
Dust contamination
Spread of alien invasive species in
wetland systems
Spread of alien invasive species in
wetland systems
Probability
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
26
Low
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
26
Low
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
26
Low
Definite
Long Term
Regional
High
75
High
Definite
Long Term
Regional
High
75
High
Definite
Long Term
Regional
Medium
65
High
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
Medium
56
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
Medium
56
Moderate
Operational
Closure and
Post-Closure
Pre-construction
and
construction
Operational
Closure and
Post-Closure
Pre-construction
and
construction
Operational
-104-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
Activity/Aspect
Impact
site and delivery of
materials
Movement of
personnel and
Spread of alien invasive species in
vehicles on and off
wetland systems
site and delivery of
8.14 materials
9 Impacts on Soils, land capability and agricultural potential
Regular heavy
vehicle movement,
Soil Compaction
9.1 and laydown areas
Regular heavy
vehicle movement,
Soil Compaction
9.2 and laydown areas
Regular heavy
vehicle movement
Soil Compaction
for rehabilitation
9.3 activities
Vegetation
clearance, mine
construction and
Soil erosion
activities leaving soil
9.4 exposed
Hardened surfaces,
slopes of stockpiles
Soil erosion
9.5 and WRD
General
rehabilitation
Soil erosion
9.6 activities
Construction
vehicles contributing Soil pollution
9.7 to oil and fuel
AGES Gauteng
Environmental Impact Study
Phase
Probability
Closure and
Post-Closure
Pre-construction
and
construction
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Highly
Probable
Permanent
Regional
Medium
56
Moderate
Definite
Long Term
Local
High
65
High
Definite
Long Term
Local
High
65
High
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Local
Medium
44
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
52
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
52
Moderate
Highly
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
52
Moderate
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
26
Low
Operational
Closure and
Post-Closure
Pre-construction
and
construction
Operational
Closure and
Post-Closure
Pre-construction
and
construction
-105-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
9.8
Activity/Aspect
spillages, building
waste, batching
plants, sewage and
domestic waste
Construction
vehicles contributing
to oil and fuel
spillages, building
waste, batching
plants, sewage and
domestic waste
Oil and fuel leakages
from vehicles and
machinery for
rehabilitation
Environmental Impact Study
Impact
Phase
Probability
Soil pollution
Operational
Soil pollution
Closure and
Post-Closure
Topsoil stripping and
mine construction
Soil destruction and sterilization
Pre-construction
and
construction
Topsoil stripping and
9.11 mine construction
Soil destruction and sterilization
9.9
9.
10
9.12
Construction of mine
and infrastructure
Dumping of waste
rock, mining and
9.13 stockpiling
Loss of grazing value
due to lower grazing
capacity after
9.14 rehabilitation
AGES Gauteng
Loss of land capability
Loss of land capability
Loss of land capability
Duration
Scale
Magnitude
Significance
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
26
Low
Probable
Long Term
Regional
Medium
26
Low
Definite
Permanent
Local
High
70
High
Definite
Permanent
Local
High
70
High
Definite
Long Term
Local
Medium
55
Moderate
Definite
Long Term
Local
Medium
55
Moderate
Probable
Long Term
Local
Medium
22
Low
Operational
Pre-construction
and
construction
Operational
Closure and
Post-Closure
-106-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
7
Environmental Impact Study
MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ALL IDENTIFIED IMPACTS
The following paragraphs explain in detail the mitigation measures that have been identified in order to ensure
that the impacts identified in Section 6, can be mitigated or managed to acceptable levels, or entirely avoided.
Mitigation is not applicable to all of the identified impacts, either because the impact significance is of such
little consequence that mitigation is not warranted, or because the impact cannot be mitigated or avoided.
A summary of the relevant mitigation measures is also provided in the Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) contained in Section 9 of this report.
The following paragraphs mention the significant environmental impacts which remain of significance even
after the implementation of mitigation measures.
7.1
Significant Environmental Impacts that remain significant after mitigation
The only significant environmental impact which remains significant even after the implementation of
mitigation measures is:
•
Soil destruction and sterilization due to topsoil stripping and mine construction
•
Increased risk of soil erosion and sedimentation due to Sidewalls of SLC depression
7.2
Significant Socio-cultural Impacts that remain significant after mitigation
The only significant impacts on the social environment which remain significant even with the implementation
of mitigation measures are:
•
Influx of people putting pressure on infrastructure and resources, increased disease, accidents and
injuries causing impacts on physical health and social wellbeing.
7.3
Significant Economic Impacts that remain significant after mitigation
There are no negative economic impacts on surrounding communities expected to be associated with the
proposed project.
AGES Gauteng
-107-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Table 14: Identification of mitigation measures, and impact ratings AFTER mitigation
No
Impact
Phase
WM/
WOM
Increased PM10 and
PM 2.5 on and around
the project site
activities
Construction
WOM
Movement of
vehicles and
personnel on
unpaved roads
Air quality impacts
from increased dust
Construction
All Sources
Incremental PM2.5
Impact
Operational
All Sources
Incremental PM10
Impact
Operational
Unpaved Roads
Incremental PM2.5
and PM10 Impact
Operational
Materials handling
Incremental PM2.5
and PM10 Impact
Operational
Crushing
Incremental PM2.5
and PM10 Impact
Operational
Activity/Aspect
1 Air Quality
All construction
activities
1.1
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.
10
1.12
2 Hydrogeology
Establishment of
construction camp
and sanitation
2.1 facilities
Use of explosives
for decline
2.2 development
AGES Gauteng
Negative impacts on
Groundwater quality
Contribute to nitrates
overload to
groundwater
WM
Preconstruction
and
Construction
Preconstruction
and
Significance (WOM)
Significance (WM)
Low
Water sprays for dust suppression
to be applied according to
prevailing site specific conditions
6
Negligible
22
Low
Water sprays for dust suppression
to be applied according to
prevailing site specific conditions
6
Negligible
52
Moderate
All mitigation listed for subsequent
source groups
48
Moderate
65
High
All mitigation listed for subsequent
source groups
52
Moderate
52
Moderate
75% control efficiency by water
sprays on roads
48
Moderate
14
Negligible
50% control efficiency through
water sprays
7
Negligible
24
Low
50% control efficiency through
water sprays
11
Negligible
18
Negligible
36
Low
22
WOM
WM
WOM
WM
WOM
WM
WOM
WM
WOM
WM
WOM
WM
Mitigation
WOM
WM
WOM
36
Low
Chemical sanitary facilities should
be used. Facilities to be located
away from drainage systems
WM
44
Moderate
Monitoring boreholes to monitor
and evaluate water quality
-108-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
2.3
2.4
2.5
Construction
Preconstruction
and
Construction
Preconstruction
and
Construction
Preconstruction
and
Construction
Hydrocarbon
spillages
(construction
vehicles)
Negative impacts on
Groundwater quality
Surface water
contamination
Negative impacts on
surface water quality
Anthropogenic
activities on site
Negative impacts on
surface and
groundwater quality
Dewatering radius
of influence
Lowering water levels
of surrounding (3 km
radius) water supply
boreholes.
Operational
Inrush of
groundwater to
mine tunnels and
stopes
Loss of Life
Operational
Dewatering radius
of influence
Lowering water levels
of wetlands (3 km
radius), decrease
groundwater head
Contaminant
leaching from mine
waste facilities
Groundwater and
surface water
contamination by
copper, cobalt,
cadmium and
manganese
2.6
2.7
Environmental Impact Study
2.8
2.9
AGES Gauteng
WOM
WM
WOM
WM
WOM
44
24
Moderate
Store fuels and chemicals in
secured and bunded area - prevent
spillages and leakages
16
Negligible
Low
Limit construction to the dry
season where possible
12
Negligible
18
Negligible
60
Moderate
WM
WOM
22
Low
WM
WOM
65
High
Adequate camp management,
good housekeeping rules
Monitor radius of influence (local
and regional water level
measurements monthly). Provide
alternative water to affected
parties/ecosystems
WM
WOM
64
High
WM
WOM
55
Moderate
Dewatering design which covers
drilling and pre-dewatering or
sealing
Additional site characterisation to
determine wetland mechanism.
Monitoring boreholes. Specific
discharge into wetlands to
maintain biodiversity
High
More detailed geochemical
investigations. Mixing of lime in
plant to neutralize tailings waste
and seepage capturing during
operational phase
Operational
Operational
WM
-109-
64
9
Negligible
30
Low
32
Low
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Uranium
concentrated in
the product
Radioactive
contaminants from
mine waste facilities
Environmental Impact Study
WOM
Operational
2.
10
WM
Chemicals used in
mining activities
2.11
Groundwater
seepage to
underground
2.12 workings
Increased runoff
due to mining
2.13 activities
Hydrocarbon
spillages (from
storage facilities or
2.14 vehicles)
Use of explosives
2.15
contamination of
surface and
groundwater by point
source chemicals
Filling up mine shaft
negative impact on
mine schedule and
operations
increased erosion and
silt loading on surface
water bodies
Negative impacts on
groundwater and
surface water quality
Presence of nitrates in
water derived from
mine workings
(impacts on water
quality)
Operational
48
Moderate
Operational
WM
WOM
64
High
WM
48
Moderate
44
Moderate
Operational
Operational
WOM
WM
Water to be pumped out and reused in mine circuit (contact water)
Erosion control measures and
stormwater management plan to
be implemented
Maintenance of mine vehicles and
machinery. Use spill trays when
necessary. Oil separators at
workshops
16
Negligible
26
Low
16
Negligible
24
Low
22
Low
WOM
Operational
WM
Negative impacts on
groundwater and
surface water quality
Operational
2.17
Negative impacts on
Operational
AGES Gauteng
High
WOM
WM
WOM
Contaminated
stormwater runoff
from mine
2.16 workings
Inrushes of water
64
Seepage capturing during
operational phase. Bleeding off
uranium in process water to
prevent build-up. Separate
uranium in the plant and develop
small norm waste facility, dispose
at licensed facility or sell.
All materials, fuels and chemicals
must be stored in specific secured
and bunded area. Spillages and
leakages are to be prevented.
36
Low
48
Moderate
WOM
WM
WOM
-110-
65
High
Groundwater monitoring and
treatment if necessary
A stormwater management plan
should be implemented to ensure
effective containment. Silt traps to
capture sediment load.
14
Negligible
24
Low
Implementation of emergency
32 Low
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
caused by
subsistence
cracking
2.18
Unstable
underground
conditions due to
the effects of
subsistence
Mine dewatering
effects decreasing post operational
2.19 rewatering
Re-watering radius
of influence
2.20
Leaching of
contaminants from
mine waste
facilities
2.21
Radioactive
contaminants from
mine waste
facilities
Environmental Impact Study
production, and poses
a safety risk
standby pumping system and
procedure
WM
Negative impacts on
production, and poses
a safety risk
Operational
AGES Gauteng
48
Moderate
Implementation of early
geotechnical detecting warning
system
40 Low
WM
Rising of water levels
and increase in
borehole yields for
water supply
Increased water levels
of wetlands (3 km
radius) and increased
groundwater head
Contamination of
groundwater and
surface water by
copper, cobalt,
cadmium and
manganese
Uranium concentrated
in product. Residual
concentrations in WRD
and TSF (probably low)
Closure and
Post-Closure
Closure and
Post-Closure
Groundwater
contamination by
nitrates due to
40
Low
Sealing of decline and access
tunnels to reduce oxygen ingress.
Liming of mine void to neutralise
post operational flooding
22
Low
Channel rehabilitated storm water
to wetlands
WOM
WM
WOM
64
High
WM
WOM
60
Moderate
Additional geochemical studies to
increase understanding of the
system. Neutralise waste during
operational phase. TSF
rehabilitation
Additional geochemical and
radiological studies. Bleeding off
uranium in process water to
prevent build-up. Separate
uranium in plant and develop norm
waste facility, dispose at licensed
facility or sell.
WM
22
Low
Nitrates would dissipate as blasting
stops
Closure and
Post-Closure
WM
WOM
Closure and
Post-Closure
Closure and
Post-Closure
36
Low
30
Low
WOM
WM
2.22
Use of explosives
causing presence
2.23 of nitrates
WOM
-111-
16
Negligible
30
Low
8
Negligible
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
blasting
2.24
2.25
3
Post operational
void lake
acidification
caused by oxygen
ingress due to
subsistence
Negative impacts on
ground water and
surface water quality
Migration of TSF
and WRD plume
(northwest)
Negative impacts on
surface and
groundwater quality
Closure and
Post-Closure
Closure and
Post-Closure
WOM
64
High
WM
WOM
WM
WM
75
High
TSF rehabilitation (and capping) to
minimise ingress
32 Low
52
Moderate
Noise
Noise-related impacts were found to be negligible, even without mitigation
(See Table 13) thus no mitigation is required.
4 Visual Impacts
Presence of
construction
vehicles,
machinery,
equipment and
4.1 personnel
Presence of
construction and
mining vehicles,
machinery,
equipment and
4.2 personnel
4.3
Altering location of the decline to
be situated at a higher elevation or
effective sealing of decline to
prevent direct decant
Presence of
vehicles,
machinery,
AGES Gauteng
Alteration of key
elements, features
and characteristics of
the baseline visual
environment
Construction
Alteration of key
elements, features
and characteristics of
the baseline visual
environment
Operational
Alteration of key
elements, features
and characteristics of
Closure
Negligible
48
Moderate
52
Moderate
Retain existing vegetation where
possible (especially along site
boundary and roads). Implement
dust suppression. Concurrent
rehabilitation. Strict speed limits.
Careful consideration of lighting.
Dust suppression. Develop
sustainable final landform design
for TSF, WRD and water storage
facilities. Concurrent rehabilitation
of TSF and WRD. Strict speed limits.
Careful consideration of lighting
Moderate
Dust suppression. Design of TSF,
WRD etc. to minimise final heights.
Concurrent rehabilitation and
WOM
WM
WOM
WM
WOM
WM
-112-
Negligible
56
48
Moderate
52
Moderate
40
Low
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
the baseline visual
equipment and
environment
personnel
5 Impact on Heritage resources
Construction,
operation and
decommissioning
of the mining
project and
associated projects
(roads, water
supply etc.).
5.1
6 Social Impacts
Development in
the area causing inmigration of
6.1 foreigners
Influx of people to
the surrounding
villages due to
6.2 opportunities
Job-creation for
local people and
for people from
outside,
inappropriate
procurement
6.3 policies
6.4
Conflict about
available jobs and
who should benefit
AGES Gauteng
Damage to or
destruction of
undiscovered heritage
or archaeological
resources
monitoring of success of rehab. .
Construction,
operation and
closure
WOM
WM
Change in cultural
values and integrity
(Impact on Social
Dynamics)
Negative impacts on
existing community
cohesion (Impact on
Social Dynamics)
Social differentiation
and inequity (Impact
on Social Dynamics)
Social tension and
violence (Impact on
Social Dynamics)
Construction
60
Moderate
56
Moderate
WM
52
Moderate
WOM
56
Moderate
WOM
WM
Construction
High
WOM
WM
Construction
64
WOM
Construction
and operation
-113-
Environmental awareness training
and brief watch monitoring
programmes throughout
development - know what to look
out for. Archaeological surveys on
associated projects' sites prior to
development. Consultation with
local communities (protect living
heritage).
Stakeholders must be capacitated
to recognize changes that the
project and an influx of people may
bring to their communities: Discuss
the potential for in-migration with
community leaders (political and
traditional) and obtain their views
on how to manage the process
with input from all parties
involved; Decide on recruitment
policies (especially for unskilled
labour) in conjunction with the
leadership structures. Ensure
policies are fair and equitable (and
perceived as such). Communicate
the policies as early as possible. A
quota system from each affected
village in the project area usually
works well. Involve schools,
16
Negligible
52
Moderate
48
Moderate
48
Moderate
48
Moderate
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
from the project.
Cultural change
due to influx and
economic changes
for some.
Unrealistically high
community
expectations of
benefits due to
project
6.5
Mine staff residing
away from their
families
WM
Aspirations and
expectations of
community not
realized (causing
tension and distrust).
(Impact on Social
Dynamics)
Construction
Alterations in Family
structures. (Impact on
Social Dynamics)
Construction
and operation
WOM
WM
6.6
60
Moderate
60
Moderate
48
Moderate
WOM
WM
WOM
Change in sense of
belonging due to
influx of people
6.7
AGES Gauteng
Community
identification and
Construction
connection (Impact on and operation
Social Dynamics)
WM
-114-
churches and clinics to assist with
awareness creation through
pamphlets, lectures and posters
about potential social ills e.g.
drugs, alcohol and teenage
pregnancy. Implement a
community relations plan that
includes all relevant stakeholders
and was compiled with input of all
the affected stakeholders. Establish
a community liaison forum (CLF)
with representatives from all the
stakeholders (including inmigrants, woman, the youth and
the elderly). Involve religious,
security and cultural groups in
stakeholder forums.
Participate in community events
such as sport days, national days
and other celebrations.
Make communication the
responsibility of one person to
ensure representatives of the mine
do not contradict each other. It is
important to consider that the
mine will need the input from
government (local and traditional)
and a number of community
institutions to successfully manage
this process. The change cannot be
avoided, but must be managed.
56
Moderate
56
Moderate
44
Moderate
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Influx of people
putting pressure
on infrastructure
and resources,
increased disease,
accidents and
injuries
Impacts on Health and
social wellbeing:
Impacts on physical
health
Environmental Impact Study
Construction
and operation
6.8
WOM
WM
Impacts on water
quality/availability,
increased traffic,
unfair labour
practices
Impacts on Health and
social wellbeing:
Impacts on personal
safety (physical and
psychological)
Construction
and operation
6.9
80
High
56
Moderate
70
High
WOM
WM
WOM
Influx of people
creating a platform
for opportunistic
and other criminals
6.
10
AGES Gauteng
Impacts on Health and
social wellbeing: Crime
- increased theft,
social ills and poaching
Construction
and operation
WM
-115-
Cooperate with existing health
services and engage with the
Health Department. Support and
align with existing community
health programmes. Rotation of
district health personnel through
the site clinic for skills
enhancement and training.
Monitor air and water quality.
Ensure that there are no standing
pools of water that can act as a
breeding ground for mosquitoes.
Community outreach programmes
to improve knowledge, attitudes,
practices, and beliefs surrounding
malaria. Ensure all buildings
created by the project are
mosquito proof.
Establish and maintain road safety
signage, along project roadways.
Collaborate with local authorities
and local law enforcement
(prevent speeding, reckless driving;
enforce seat belt usage, accident
response etc.).
Provide health care services to
workers. Abide by VPSHR. Deploy
two guards in critical locations.
Deploy guards on the borders of
the mining property and involve
them in anti-poaching activities.
Educate the work force about
poaching. Support anti-poaching
70
High
36
Low
48
Moderate
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
initiatives initiated by neighbouring
properties and ZAWA.
6.11
Influx of people
putting additional
pressure on
infrastructure
(roads, sanitation
etc.)
Shortage of social and
physical infrastructure
(Impact on quality of
the living
environment)
presence of mine
infrastructure,
vehicles,
machinery and
personnel
Alteration of sense of
place / environmental
amenity value /
aesthetic quality
(negative impact on
tourism)
6.12
Construction
and operation
WOM
WM
Construction
and operation
70
High
56
Moderate
60
Moderate
WOM
WM
WOM
Animal human
interaction and
resultant industry
conflicts
6.13
Conflicting land uses
with neighbouring
Construction
activities (conservation and operation
vs. mining)
WM
Impacts on
7 Biodiversity
AGES Gauteng
-116-
Input from different role players is
essential: adhere to the mitigation
in other specialist studies. Utilise
the existing exploration camp to
house construction workers. Put
workers from similar areas in the
same shift and provide transport to
and from these areas. Engage with
the government about upgrade of
infrastructure (mutually beneficial
to project and surrounding
communities). Include upgrade of
social or physical infrastructure in
CSI initiatives. Develop a “code of
conduct” to guide staff interaction
with local communities and include
guidelines on interaction with
conservation areas. Make provision
for a buffer zone around the
physical footprint of the project
and erect a fence around the
buffer zone. Interact with
conservation parties about how to
elephant-proof water structures
and how to scavenger-proof waste
areas. Include animal-human
interaction procedures in health
and safety procedures of the
operations.
48
Moderate
48
Moderate
50
Moderate
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Vegetation clearing
and construction
Destruction of habitat
Environmental Impact Study
Construction
7.1
WOM
WM
60
Moderate
55
Moderate
70
High
70
High
WOM
Storage of Tailings;
Laydown areas for
stockpiles and
waste rock
Direct habitat
destruction
Operational
7.2
WM
Vegetation clearing
and construction
Habitat fragmentation
Construction
7.3
WOM
WM
Storage of Tailings;
Laydown areas for
stockpiles and
waste rock,
depression and
cracks of SLC
mining method
7.4
AGES Gauteng
WOM
Habitat fragmentation
Operational
WM
-117-
Retain vegetation where possible.
Construction should preferably
take place in winter (reduce
disturbance to breeding fauna and
flowering flora). Relocate plants of
ecological significance; Do not clear
the entire footprint
simultaneously; Clearly demarcate
the entire development footprint
and prevent creep; Implement
monitoring to ensure minimal
impacts; Regular environmental
training should be provided;
Trenches should be adequately
cordoned off and constant
excavating and backfilling of
trenches should occur. Poisons for
the control of rats, mice or other
vermin should only be used after
approval from an ecologist.
Use existing facilities as far as
possible. Ensure as little
disturbance as possible to the
sensitive habitats such as ravines
and moist grassland pockets.
Establish protective buffers to
exclude unintentional disturbance
to sensitive areas. Construction
activities must remain within
defined construction areas and the
road servitudes. Unnecessary
driving around or bulldozing
natural habitat must not take
40
Low
35
Low
60
Moderate
60
Moderate
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Soil erosion
7.5
Exposure of rock,
ore and soil to
rainfall and wind
Increased soil erosion
and sedimentation
7.6
Sidewalls of SLC
depression, and
Increased
hardened surfaces
created at the
project site
Environmental Impact Study
Construction
52
Moderate
75
High
56
Moderate
place. No disturbance will occur
outside demarcated areas.
Topsoil stripping and excavation
should be scheduled for the dry
season where possible; Ensure that
the exposed areas are minimal at
any specific time – construction
and rehabilitation should occur
concurrently; Cover disturbed soils;
Control runoff to move water
safely off site after removal of
sediment without destructive gully
formation; Install sediment control
devices (Grass filter strips,
Sediment filters, Sediment traps,
Drop inlet filters). Implement
stringent erosion and dust control
practices.
Institute a storm water
management plan. Do not let
surface water or storm water to be
concentrated, Design storm water
discharge points to prevent
erosion; Repair all erosion damage
as soon as possible; Gravel roads
must be well drained in order to
limit soil erosion.
Low
Contain polluted water. Excess or
waste material or chemicals should
be discarded in an environmental
friendly way. Hazardous chemicals
WOM
WM
WOM
Operational
WM
WOM
Rehabilitation
activities
soil erosion
Closure
7.7
WM
Movement of
vehicles on site
7.8
AGES Gauteng
Spillages of harmful
substances
Construction
WOM
WM
-118-
26
36
Low
65
Moderate
36
Low
18
Negligible
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
7.9
Domestic and
hazardous waste
storage and
disposal, sewage
treatment
Spillages of harmful
substances
Environmental Impact Study
Operational
26
Low
26
Moderate
75
High
75
High
WM
56
Moderate
to be stored on an impervious
surface protected from rainfall and
storm water; Ensure refuelling
stations are constructed to prevent
spillages. Ensure that accidental
spillages are contained and cleaned
up promptly; treat sewage in a
suitable plant or remove from site
for treatment elsewhere; Spill kits
should be on-hand to deal with
spills immediately; Inspect all
vehicles regularly for oil and fuel
leaks. Vehicle maintenance should
be done in a designated facility and
drip trays should be used. Drip
trays should be emptied into a
holding tank and returned to the
supplier.
Undertake dust suppression and a
dust monitoring programme.
Implement the air quality
management programme, and
monitor regularly to ascertain the
dust load and emission rates and
particle size distribution;
Implement standard dust control
measures, including periodic
spraying and chemical dust
suppression and monitor
efficiency. Implement strict speed
limits to reduce dust formation.
WOM
56
Moderate
Kill the alien invasive plants
present, the seedlings which
WOM
WM
WOM
Movement of
vehicles on site
Spillages of harmful
substances
Closure
7.
10
WM
Exposure of rock,
ore and soil to
7.11 rainfall and wind
Stockpiling,
Materials handling,
vehicle
entrainment and
7.12 windblown dust
Rehabilitation
activities
Dust contamination
Construction
WM
Dust
Operational
AGES Gauteng
WOM
WM
Dust
Closure
7.13
Continued
7.14 movement of
WOM
Spread of alien
invasive species
WOM
Construction
-119-
18
Negligible
18
Low
45
Moderate
45
Moderate
36
Low
36
Low
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
personnel and
vehicles on and off
site, and deliver of
materials
7.15
Transporting of
people and
equipment
WM
Spread of alien
invasive species
Operational
WOM
WM
56
Moderate
56
Moderate
44
Moderate
44
Moderate
56
Moderate
WOM
Movement of
vehicles on site
Spread of alien
invasive species
Closure
7.16
WM
Construction of
infrastructure,
7.17 roads etc.
Negative impacts of
human activities
workers
accommodation on
7.18 site
Negative effects of
human activities on
flora
Operational
Negative effects of
human activities on
flora
Closure
Presence of
labourers on site
7.19
AGES Gauteng
Construction
WOM
WM
WOM
WM
WOM
WM
-120-
emerge, and establish an
alternative plant cover to limit regrowth and re-invasion; Institute
strict control over materials
brought onto site, inspect for seeds
of noxious plants and eradicate
before transport to site. Routinely
fumigate or spray with appropriate
herbicides; Rehabilitate disturbed
areas as quickly as possible;
Institute a monitoring programme
to detect alien invasive species
early; Institute an
eradication/control programme for
early intervention if invasive
species are detected; A detailed
plan should be developed for
control of noxious weeds and
invasive plants..
Staff should preferably be
accommodated on site to reduce
impacts such as dust and ensure a
safe working environment; Staff
accommodation should be fenced
to prevent movement of people
and animals into ‘no-go’ areas.
Adequate rubbish bins and
sanitation facilities should be
provided; Maintain proper
firebreaks around entire
development footprint. Educate
construction workers regarding
risks and correct disposal of
36
Low
36
Low
28
Low
28
Low
36
Low
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
cigarettes and other waste
materials.
Continued
movement of
personnel and
vehicles on and off
site, and deliver of
7.2 materials
Movement of
vehicles on and off
site and delivery of
7.21 materials
Movement of
vehicles on site
Fauna mortality on
roads
WOM
Construction
WM
Fauna mortality on
roads
Operational
Closure
7.22
Light pollution
Construction
56
Moderate
56
Moderate
75
High
60
Moderate
Enforce a speed limit no more than
40 km/hour. Install speed bumps in
sections where the speed limit
tends to be disobeyed. Avoid
travelling at night. Lights should be
positioned 5 m from the roads or
paved areas.
Eliminate as much external lighting
as possible; Use recommended
light sources and fittings; Wherever
possible long-wavelength light
sources should be used.
Fluorescent lights should not be
used outdoors. External light
sources should be directed inward;
Lights should be positioned 5 m
from roads or paved areas; Internal
lighting should be shielded.
High
Prevent impact by applying
recommended buffer zones
altering the base case layout plans
to fall outside of these wetlands
WOM
WM
Construction of
mining
infrastructure,
7.23 access roads etc.
Moderate
WOM
WM
Fauna mortality
44
WOM
WM
WOM
Mining operations
during night time
Light pollution
Operational
7.24
Impacts on
8 Wetlands
Clearing of
vegetation,
construction of
8.1 infrastructure etc.
AGES Gauteng
WM
Habitat Destruction
Preconstruction
and
construction
WOM
WM
-121-
70
28
Low
32
Low
36
Low
18
Negligible
40
Low
16
Negligible
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
WOM
Placement of
stockpiles, TSF and
WRD on wetlands
8.2
AGES Gauteng
Direct habitat
destruction
Operational
WM
-122-
65
High
and buffer zones; Limit
development activities including
storage areas to demarcated
appropriate areas. Adapt layouts to
fit natural patterns rather than
imposing rigid geometries; Regular
environmental training should be
provided to construction workers
to ensure the protection of the
wetland habitat; The removal of
indigenous plants associated with
the wetlands and riparian areas
should be prohibited; Limit and
control pesticide use; Implement
environmental monitoring to
ensure that minimal wetland
impact; Work in rivers, streams and
wetlands should preferably be
avoided, but if necessary should be
done during the dry season;
Pipelines or roads constructed
across drainage channels should be
guided by a rehabilitation plan.
Cross drainage channels at a 90
degree angle to prevent erosion.
Minimize changes to natural
drainage patterns and crossings to
drainages. Perform scheduled
maintenance to be prepared for
storms. Ensure culverts are
cleaned, and that channels are free
of debris. Keep cut and fill slopes as
flat as possible and stabilized to
14
Negligible
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8.3
8.4
Environmental Impact Study
Increased
hardened surfaces
and exposed areas
Soil compaction and
erosion leading to
sedimentation
Preconstruction
and
construction
Increased
hardened surfaces
and exposed areas
Increased soil erosion
and sedimentation
Operational
WOM
WM
52
Moderate
52
Moderate
56
Moderate
WOM
WM
WOM
Rehabilitation
activities
8.5
AGES Gauteng
Increased soil erosion
and sedimentation
Closure and
Post-Closure
WM
-123-
minimize slumping and surface
erosion. In-stream diversions at
constructions in drainages must
avoid damming). No construction
of new channels. Appropriate
measures must be taken to
manage storm water run-off and
potential flooding
Minimize the amount of land
disturbance; Topsoil stripping and
excavation activities should be
scheduled for the dry season if
possible; Ensure that the exposed
areas prone to erosion are minimal
at any specific time; Cover
disturbed soils as completely as
possible; Move runoff water safely
off the site without destructive
gully formation, trap the sediment
before releasing the run-off water
off site; Sediment control devices
need to be installed to capture
mobilised sediment. Implement
stringent erosion and dust control
practices. Install temporary drains
and minimize concentrated water.
Control stormwater velocity where
necessary and divert run-off
around disturbed areas. Institute a
storm water management plan;
Have both temporary (during
construction) and permanent
erosion control plans; Protect areas
36
Low
36
Low
18
Negligible
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8.6
8.7
Exposure of rock,
ore and soil to
rainfall and wind,
and vehicle
movement
Large vehicles - oil
and fuel spillages,
building waste,
batching plants,
sewage and
domestic waste,
topsoil storage
Water pollution from
spillages of harmful
substances
Environmental Impact Study
Preconstruction
and
construction
WOM
WM
26
Low
26
Low
26
Low
WOM
Water pollution from
spillages
Operational
WM
WOM
Movement of
vehicles on site for
rehabilitation
8.8
AGES Gauteng
Water pollution from
spillages
Closure and
Post-Closure
WM
-124-
susceptible to erosion and repair
all erosion damage as soon as
possible; Gravel roads must be well
drained in order to limit soil
erosion;
Treat water emerging from the
mine and water that accumulates
in the backfilled and rehabilitated
voids; Water falling on areas
polluted with hazardous
substances must be contained. Any
excess or waste material or
chemicals should be removed from
the site and discarded in an
environmental friendly way;
Inspect construction vehicles for oil
and fuel leaks regularly, service
vehicles regularly. Situate
maintenance yards away from
drainage lines; Construct refuelling
stations to prevent spillage of fuel
or oil and implement measures to
deal with accidental spills. Fit
temporary inlet pit filters near
wash-down areas to prevent
pollutant entry into the drainage
system; Sewage should either be
treated in a suitable plant or
removed from the site for
treatment elsewhere; Maintain a
good standard of housekeeping.
Store all litter carefully so it cannot
contaminate stormwater drainage
18
Negligible
18
Negligible
18
Negligible
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8.9
8.
10
Movement of
construction
vehicles
Dust contamination
Stockpiling,
Materials handling,
vehicle
entrainment and
windblown dust
Dust contamination
Movement of
vehicles on site for
rehabilitation
Dust contamination
Environmental Impact Study
Preconstruction
and
construction
Movement of
8.14 personnel and
AGES Gauteng
WM
75
High
75
High
65
High
WOM
Operational
WM
Closure and
Post-Closure
8.11
Movement of
personnel and
vehicles on and off
site and delivery of
8.12 materials
Movement of
personnel and
vehicles on and off
site and delivery of
8.13 materials
WOM
WOM
WM
Spread of alien
invasive species in
wetland systems
Spread of alien
invasive species in
wetland systems
Spread of alien
invasive species in
Preconstruction
and
construction
WOM
WM
56
Moderate
WM
56
Moderate
WOM
56
Moderate
WOM
Operational
Closure and
Post-Closure
-125-
systems; Provide (scavenger proof)
bins at appropriate locations,
particularly where food is prepared
and consumed. Avoid poisons for
the control of problem animals
where possible.
Implement dust suppression and
monitoring. Implement and
monitor the air quality
management programme. Mine
health and safety requirements for
the use of dust masks must be
adhered to and compliance audited
regularly; Implement standard dust
control measures, including
chemical dust suppressants where
appropriate and periodic spraying;
Soil dumps may be covered if
necessary; A speed limit (no more
than 60 km/hour) should be
enforced on dirt roads;
Kill the alien plants present and
seedlings which emerge, and
establish alternative plant cover.
The control of AIS at the site should
commence prior to construction.
Prevent AIS from establishing,
detect AIS that do establish early,
eradicate AIS that establish or
control population is eradication is
not feasible. Develop and
implement a detailed AIS
eradication and monitoring plan.
45
Moderate
45
Moderate
45
Moderate
36
Low
36
Low
18
Negligible
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
vehicles on and off wetland systems
site and delivery of
materials
Impacts on Soils, land capability and
9 agricultural potential
9.1
9.2
Regular heavy
vehicle movement,
and laydown areas
Soil Compaction
Regular heavy
vehicle movement,
and laydown areas
Soil Compaction
WM
Preconstruction
and
construction
WM
Operational
WOM
WOM
WM
65
High
65
High
44
Moderate
52
Moderate
WOM
Regular heavy
vehicle movement
for rehabilitation
activities
Soil Compaction
Closure and
Post-Closure
9.3
9.4
WM
Vegetation
clearance, mine
construction and
activities leaving
soil exposed
AGES Gauteng
Soil erosion
Preconstruction
and
construction
WOM
WM
-126-
Soil should be handled when dry to
reduce the risk of compaction;
Vegetation is to be stripped
together with topsoil; Avoid soils
with risk of compaction wherever
possible. Unnecessary driving
around in the veld or bulldozing
natural habitat must not take
place. Vehicles should also stick to
haul roads when dumping of waste
rock and topsoil are done. Existing
roads and tracks are to be utilized
as far as this is possible. Rip and/or
scarify compacted areas on a
continuous basis. Do not rip and/or
scarify areas under wet conditions.
Soil should be sampled and
analysed prior to replacement
during rehabilitation. If necessary,
and under advisement from a
suitably qualified restoration
ecologist, supplemental
fertilisation may be necessary.
Schedule topsoil stripping and
excavation in the dry season where
possible; Clearance and excavation
activities should occur concurrently
with construction and
40
Low
20
Negligible
28
Low
36
Low
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
9.5
Hardened surfaces,
slopes of stockpiles
and WRD
Soil erosion
Environmental Impact Study
Operational
WOM
WM
52
Moderate
WM
52
Moderate
WOM
26
Low
WOM
General
rehabilitation
activities
Soil erosion
Closure and
Post-Closure
9.6
9.7
Construction
vehicles
AGES Gauteng
Soil pollution
Preconstruction
-127-
rehabilitation activities; keep
exposed surfaces at a minimum.
Cover disturbed soils as completely
36
as possible; Control the flow of
runoff to avoid gully formation;
Sediment control devices need to
be installed to capture mobilised
sediment. Implement stringent
erosion and dust control practices.
Control dust using water-sprayers
or chemical dust suppressants to
prevailing site conditions; Institute
storm water management plans
(temporary and permanent);
Protect all areas susceptible to
erosion and repair all erosion
damage as soon as possible; Gravel
roads must be well drained in
order to limit soil erosion;
Implement erosion monitoring
procedures; Re-vegetate or
stabilise all disturbed areas as soon
as possible. Monitor vegetative
cover on stockpiles to maintain a
high basal cover. Conservation of
topsoil should be prioritized; Plant
species that have been rescued or
removed and relocated to the
temporary nursery could be used in
replanting rehabilitation areas to
36
prevent erosion
Store hazardous chemicals on an
impervious bunded area protected
18
Low
Low
Negligible
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
9.8
contributing to oil
and fuel spillages,
building waste,
batching plants,
sewage and
domestic waste
Construction
vehicles
contributing to oil
and fuel spillages,
building waste,
batching plants,
sewage and
domestic waste
Environmental Impact Study
and
construction
WM
WOM
Soil pollution
Operational
WM
26
Low
26
Low
70
High
WOM
Oil and fuel
leakages from
vehicles and
machinery for
rehabilitation
Soil pollution
Closure and
Post-Closure
Soil destruction and
sterilization
Preconstruction
and
construction
9.9
9.
10
WM
Topsoil stripping
and mine
construction
AGES Gauteng
WOM
WM
-128-
from rainfall and stormwater runoff; Construct refuelling stations to
prevent spillages, and implement
measures contain and clean up
accidental spillages; Sewage should
either be treated in a suitable plant
or removed from the site for
treatment elsewhere; Spill kits
should be on-hand to deal with
spills immediately and employees
should be trained in the use of spill
kits; Spillages or leakages must be
treated according to an applicable
procedure as determined by a plan
of action for the specific type of
disturbance; Drains and intercept
drains should be maintained to
ensure that they continue to
redirect clean water away from the
polluted areas.
All vehicles should be regularly
maintained to prevent leakages
and inspected. Vehicle
maintenance should be done in a
designated facility and drip trays
should be used to capture any
spills. Drip trays should be emptied
into a holding tank and returned to
the supplier.
Continually rehabilitate the soils to
the best possible state. Refer to the
specialist reports on soil
rehabilitation
18
Negligible
18
Negligible
70
High
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
9.11
9.12
Topsoil stripping
and mine
construction
Construction of
mine and
infrastructure
Soil destruction and
sterilization
Operational
Loss of land capability
Preconstruction
and
construction
Loss of land capability
Loss of grazing
value due to lower
grazing capacity
after rehabilitation
Loss of land capability
AGES Gauteng
WOM
WM
Dumping of waste
rock, mining and
9.13 stockpiling
9.14
Environmental Impact Study
Operational
70
High
WOM
WM
55
Moderate
WM
55
Moderate
WOM
22
Low
WOM
Closure and
Post-Closure
-129-
Ensure that disturbance and
clearing is confined to the footprint
areas of the mine; Only a small
area of the land should be
disturbed at a time. Rehabilitation
should take place on a continuous
basis where after the land would
become partially available again as
grazing. Once mining activities
have ceased, disturbed areas
should be rehabilitated and the
grazing capacity restored as far as
possible. The rehabilitation of the
soils and re-vegetation is discussed
in the specialist report.
70
High
35
Low
35
Low
14
Negligible
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8
Environmental Impact Study
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
The purpose of identifying and evaluating feasible alternatives in terms of a development proposal is to
find the most effective way of meeting the project needs, either through enhancing the environmental
benefits of the proposed activity, and / or through reducing or avoiding negative impacts (DEAT, 2004).
Any environmental investigation needs to consider feasible alternative options.
Feasible alternatives have been identified through discussions with authorities, discussions with relevant
stakeholders, reviewing of existing environmental data, specialist inputs/studies and discussions with the
project proponent.
Methods for comparing alternatives range from descriptive and non-quantitative methods, through
methods based on varying levels of quantification to a full quantitative comparison, in which all impacts
may be expressed in monetary terms. Possible alternatives in terms of the proposed project have been
identified as described in sections 8.2 to 8.7 below.
Alternatives are essentially evaluated in order to improve a project’s environmental performance. The
section below discusses potential opportunities and benefits associated with the proposed project.
8.1
Opportunities and Benefits
Mining by nature is associated with a certain extent of ecological impacts. This does not, however, imply
that mining and biodiversity conservation and socio-economic upliftment cannot co-exist. The aim of
mines today is to be good stewards of the environment and strive to leave the communities in which they
work better than they found them (Henning B. J., May 2013).
Mines have significant conservation potential, as they are in control of large amounts of land and only
utilise a small portion for mining operations. It is therefore at the local level that mining and conservation
can be integrated.
The proposed project presents various environmental opportunities and benefits, specifically within the
socio-economic environment. These are discussed below:
8.1.1.1
Biodiversity opportunities:
Various opportunities for biodiversity improvements and conservation could be utilized through the
development of the project, these include amongst other:
8.1.1.1.1
Biodiversity off-set areas and contribution to conservation management:
The large-scale prospecting license (reference number 8589-HQ-LPL) borders the Kafue National Park
and the Mushingashi Conservancy. There are no fences around these conservation areas and wildlife is
allowed free movement. The management of an ecological offset area presents an opportunity for the
AGES Gauteng
-130-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
project proponent to compensate for biodiversity loss in the mining area by contributing to biodiversity
conservation and management at the conservation areas around the site.
Biodiversity offsets are “intended to compensate for the residual, unavoidable harm to biodiversity caused
by development projects, so as to ensure a situation where there is “no net loss” of biodiversity” (Henning
B. J., May 2013:102). The Conservation sector and the mining industry can both benefit from biodiversity
offsets:
For the mining industry, the potential benefits of biodiversity offset strategies include (but are not limited to)
the following:
•
An offset commitment may enhance a mine’s social license to operate.
•
The implementation of an offset can be used to demonstrate environmental responsibility,
compliance and environmental performance.
•
Ethical environmental stewardship: by demonstrating corporate responsibility, a company will
have better relationships with government departments, the community around its operations and
its own employees. This will likely improve the image of the company (and potentially improve
business opportunities), and improve relationships with government departments due to mutual
trust.
Biodiversity offsets could include a number of different strategies or types of offset contributions such as
conservation management contributions at existing conservation facilities in the surroundings: It was
confirmed during on-site consultations that some of the Mushingashi employees are currently contracted
out to Blackthorn by prior agreement (such as guards and Professional Hunters) when required, and that
the relationship between the Mushingashi Conservancy and Blackthorn has mostly been, and can remain
a relationship of mutual benefit. The existing relationship can be expanded to include contributions to fire
control and poaching management in order for Blackthorn to “offset” ecological damage caused by mining
with positive contributions to conservation management.
Potential also exists to create a biodiversity offset in terms of physical contribution of land between the
mining site and the Mushingashi conservancy or the KNP (land on which Blackthorn is currently authorized
to prospect). Areas in the immediate vicinity could have the following positive attributes as an offset:
•
The area should represent ‘like for like’ habitat and constitute a pristine area suitable for a
biodiversity offset considering that the offset area has to have similar biodiversity characteristics
to the proposed mining area;
•
The offset area should link to the Mushingashi Conservancy (or KNP) and form a buffer between
the mining area and the Conservation Area(s).
Access to the suggested offset area will have to be negotiated with the relevant local and government
AGES Gauteng
-131-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
authorities. Additional information and suggestions pertaining to biodiversity offsets are discussed in the
Specialist Ecological Report (Henning B. J., May 2013).
8.1.1.1.2
Charcoal community project:
As part of site clearing for the construction of the proposed project infrastructure a number of trees will be
removed from the development footprint. The potential exists to involve local communities in a charcoal
project to address energy demands and generate temporary income. The feasibility of such a project
should be investigated further and community-related projects should be approached in such a way that
communities are consulted and their needs put first.
8.1.1.2
Heritage conservation:
While the proposed project may not directly affect any heritage resources, potential exists to become
involved in regional heritage conservation due to the rich archaeological history of the region and to
improve relationships with local communities. Sites such as the Nkoto Heritage Centre and other
contemporary features such as meeting places, initiation sites, ceremonial graves and places of ancestor
reverence are of local social value and are sensitive in terms of intangible heritage attributes (Kruger,
2013). If the project proponent can become involved in the preservation and management of such sites, it
would not only contribute to the conservation of Zambian heritage resources, but is also likely to be seen
favourably by the local communities who attach value to these sites. Such projects could include (Kruger,
2012):
•
Mumbwa cave conservation.
•
Maintenance of Sable Mine Centre.
•
Heritage offsets (formal conservation of heritage resources similar to any which may be affected
by the project or associated development such as road upgrades and re-alignments. Such
impacts on heritage resources will have to be managed under appropriate licenses from the
heritage resources authorities).
The opportunities related to biological diversity and heritage conservation mentioned above can potentially
also contribute positively to the socio-economic environment by presenting associated job-opportunities at
these facilities, and contributing to the local tourism sector.
8.1.2
Socio-economic benefits and investment:
The proposed project is expected to bring about improvement in the local standards of living through job
creation and other economic opportunities. Some blame existing deviant social behaviour experienced in
the community such as crime (often resulting from boredom or extreme poverty) and excessive alcohol
consumption, on the lack of employment and economic opportunities in the area (Aucamp S.-M. , 2013).
AGES Gauteng
-132-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Additionally, the rapid growth of a young adult population unable to find employment or to make a living (as
is experienced in almost all African countries to some extent) can lead to political unrest. The project will
undoubtedly impact on such existing social dynamics.
The project should be associated with and guided by a Social and Labour Plan (SLP) or similar
documented procedural guideline, which is to include details of recruitment procedures and stipulate a
certain percentage of employment associated with the project to be sourced from local communities. It is
acknowledged that some more specialized work will have to be conducted by employees or
subcontractors from outside the local area.
Training opportunities for skills development in local
communities are significant and should be incorporated into the SLP.
The project will lead to improvements in local road conditions (whether the improvements are directly
affected by the project proponent, or in consultation with government), and could potentially improve other
local infrastructure as well through community based projects. Surrounding communities may also benefit
from infrastructure development in the area such as electricity and water supply to the project.
Corporate Social Investment (CSI) projects will be associated with the project, and identification of these
projects will be done through a continuous consultative process with representative members of the
community in order to ensure that projects meet community needs and truly add value to the area.
Consultation with communities to date has identified possibilities as described in Table 15:
The project will also generate additional opportunities for entrepreneurs especially in associated services
industries such as small scale traders and service providers especially during the construction phase, but
they may remain during the operations phase if there are still opportunities (Aucamp S.-M. 2013).
AGES Gauteng
-133-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Table 15: Summary of Social Opportunities in response to Social Issues
Stakeholder and description
Community Issue
Opportunity
Kitumba Prison Farm: (Interviewed Assistant
Superintendent SM Kazembe in August 2012).
Farms with maize, soya beans and cabbage. Also
vegetable gardens for own use.
Want to go more commercial with vegetable production, but they do not have enough
water.
Buy vegetables
Prison for canteen
No electricity – currently using generator.
No shops close nearby.
Have waterborne toilets, but they are not connected
– use pit latrines
Concerns about dust & water quality (mining).
Community members
High levels of unemployment and poverty.
(interviewed August 2012) Males living in the area,
working at the exploration camp
Most schools in area only go up to Grade 7, a few go up to Grade 9. Must go to Mumbwa
for Grade 12 – most don’t have the means to travel to Mumbwa to complete their
education. Many community schools in area – parents have to pay for teachers.
from
Plan reservoir for vegetable garden.
Main Challenges: transport and health care facilities (nearest clinic 17 km).
Elephants raid their maize fields.
Clinics in area often don’t have the medicine required – patient has to travel to Mumbwa
to get medicine. Mumbwa experiencing social problems like HIV/AIDS, unplanned
pregnancies, street children, excessive drinking, prostitution, etc.
Procurement from local
communities.
Worker
education
programmes and skills
development
Workers have been exploited previously by Chinese and Indian miners (also huge
infringements on human rights!)
Chief Kaindu and his headmen
(Interviewed March 2013)
No electricity
Get water from boreholes, wells – some also use
ground water
Pit toilets – some don’t have toilets
Transport – by feet / bicycle. Poor road
infrastructure
High levels of unemployment
Very expensive to go to Mumbwa
AGES Gauteng
Expect community to benefit from Blackthorn activities. BHP Billiton made verbal
promises, but did not deliver. Benefits must be local (within Chiefdom).
Distances between clinics are quite big. Problem especially when there is a problem with
childbirth.
Kaindu Project Coordinating Committee is looking at community projects. Suggested that
committee is introduced to consultants. Projects lined up include community schools;
distance between Government Schools; Health Care (distances); clean drinking water.
Local labour should be given preference at the mine. Concerns about working
conditions of workers. Concerns about male mine workers and HIV, as well as “stealing”
wives/girlfriends – leave women and babies behind when they leave.
-134-
Meet and liaise with
Kaindu
Project
Coordinating Committee
to
identify
potential
projects across the area.
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Stakeholder and description
Community Issue
Opportunity
Kaindu Basic School: (Interviewed March 2013 – Mr
Danny Dilema, Mr Peter Chisanga and Mrs Virginia
Mubuyaeta) AND Mpusu School: (Interviewed
March 2013 – Mr Chabinga)
Quality of education – high illiteracy levels. Getting books and study material is a
challenge. Need additional classrooms. School does not have any computers – not
computer literate. Shortage of teaching staff. There are enough trained teachers, but the
Government is unable to put up accommodation for them. Community forced to employ
community teachers (untrained). Need equipment for their feeding programme (pots,
etc.)
Assist with providing
accommodation
for
teachers.
No electricity. Classes very full and large
Almost 70% don’t go to secondary school –
financial constraints
Have one social worker
Parents marry off children for financial gain. Girls drop out of school – vulnerable, marry
young.
Water and sanitation is a problem. Few water
points/boreholes
High numbers of unemployed youth – revert to crime when they don’t have anything to
do. Alcohol abuse is a challenge. Need recreational activities in community.
Many children come to school hungry
People fear that they will be displaced and loose property as a result of mining.
Many children come from far (approx. 14 km)
Malaria big problem in area.
Mpundu Village: (Interviewed March 2013).
Investors come with own labour – few locals benefit.
High levels of unemployment: Have skilled people
in community – carpentry, driving, brick layers, and
operators. Make a living from small-scale farming
Need services like health care (also antenatal care – mothers have to walk far) and
schools (some schools three grades in a class).
Get water from hand pump – far distances (4-5 times per day).
Mobile phones charged with solar power,
communicate via word-of-mouth or mobile phone
Kafucamo Village: (interviewed March 2013) Make
a living from subsistence farming and piece work
Issues similar to Mpundu Village
Mumbwa Farmers Association: (Interviewed March
2013)
Small-scale farmers do not have means to use service providers (e.g. for ploughing or
spraying crops). Concern that big mine will lead to loss of casual labour.
Maize, soya beans, cattle, paprika.
Disease control – cattle die in large numbers.
Wells for water
Concern whether mine will have impact on productivity of farm, water pollution etc.
Small Scale Mining
Challenges in accessing small scale mining licenses – meeting requirements and
financial constraints. Problems with regulations of small-scale mining – need policy.
Can’t afford mining equipment. Don’t have access to resources such as geological
experts.
(Interviewed March 2013) Mainly copper
Employment seems to be for men only – don’t see women being employed
Selling their copper is a challenge – transport costs, roads to mining areas very bad –
increase transport costs
Concerns related to mining: health issues, water pollution, loss of casual labour
Mines can assist small scale miners with developing their skills.
AGES Gauteng
-135-
Road
and
infrastructure
electricity
Repair some of the
broken water pumps
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8.2
Environmental Impact Study
Process / Mining Method Alternatives
The PFS base case involves an underground mining operation involving sub-level caving as described in
Section 4. Conventional underground mining as well as an open cast mine have also been considered as
alternative mining methods.
In terms of potential environmental impacts, technology alternatives for
conventional underground copper mining would be comparable to one another as they would all be associated
with similar inputs and outputs (wastes). The consideration of an open-cast mining method, however, would
have a significant effect on the expected environmental impacts of the project.
Sub-level caving is associated with a subsistence zone above the underground operations, which is not the
case with conventional supported underground operations.
Open-cast mining would necessitate the complete destruction of vast areas of natural vegetation, is
associated with increased visual impacts, and is generally associated with increased pollution impacts. From
an environmental perspective, underground mining is without a doubt the preferred mining method. Table 16
contains a comparison of the environmental effects associated with opencast and underground mining
respectively.
AGES Gauteng
-136-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Table 16: Comparative assessment - Opencast Underground and Cave mining
Environmental
Aspect
Base Case – Sub-Level Caving
Alternative 1 Underground Mining (Base
Case)
Alternative 2 Opencast Mining
Surface Water
Storm water management post-closure in
the depression may prove more difficult to
manage
Storm water management measures to
separate dirty and clean storm water will still
have to be implemented throughout the site.
Impacts associated with storm water inside an
open pit may be more difficult to manage.
Increased disturbed area increases risk of
erosion and siltation.
Groundwater
(dewatering)
Maximum dewatering volume 82 L/s
Maximum dewatering volume 48 L/s
Maximum dewatering volume 100 L/s
Groundwater (radius
of influence)
Radius of influence for the LOM maximum
3.6 km
Radius of influence for the LOM maximum
1.80 km
Radius of influence for the LOM maximum
3.7 km
Groundwater
(rewatering time)
Rewatering simulations as part of the
feasibility phase
100 years
100 – 300 years
Groundwater
quality)
(water
Water quality affected by AMD caused by
oxygen ingress due to subsidence zone
Absence of oxygen ingress reduces the risk of
AMD even further
Water quality may be affected by AMD caused
by oxidation
Soils
and
Potential
Soil
The area does not contain high potential
agricultural land but some areas do
provide valuable wildlife grazing potential.
Some grazing may be affected post
closure in the depression area
The area does not contain high potential
agricultural land but some areas do provide
valuable wildlife grazing potential. The smaller
footprint area associated with underground
mining will disturb less grazing land postclosure.
The opencast mine will leave a permanent scar
on the landscape in the area of the open pit,
likely negatively impacting on grazing potential
of this land in the long term.
Flora Impacts
The footprint areas of the SLC mine will
have a lower impact on the ecosystem
compared to opencast mining, but may
still impact on the depression /
subsistence zone. The impact on the flora
and fauna will therefore be lower
compared to opencast alternative
The footprint areas of the underground mine will
have a significantly lower impact on the
ecosystem compared to opencast mining. The
impact on the flora and fauna will therefore be
lower compared to opencast alternative.
The opencast mine will have a significant
negative impact, not only on the fauna and flora
through the destruction and fragmentation of
habitat, but also on the landscape since the
Kitumba Hill will be completely removed during
the mining process, while the WRD and TSF
will have significantly larger footprints in the
mountainous area.
Fauna Impacts
Some fauna may be permanently
displaced in the subsidence zone, but this
area is comparatively very small when
compared to opencast operations
Clearing of vegetation on the smaller footprint
area will still displace some of the fauna, but not
necessarily all. Fauna and avifauna are still
affected by noise and vibrations, but less so
than with opencast operations.
Removal of all vegetation thereby also
displacing fauna from the entire project area.
Noise and vibrations due to blasting and
operation of the machines drive away animals
and birds.
Wetland Impacts
The base case will have less of a potential
for dewatering of the wetlands on-site.
Less of a potential for dewatering of the
wetlands on-site.
The open pit will cause a limit dewatering
impact on the surrounding wetlands.
AGES Gauteng
-137-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Archaeological
Impacts
Some undiscovered resources may be
affected in the subsistence zone, but none
have been identified.
No archaeological impacts are expected,
however the likelihood for impacts on
unidentified archaeology is significantly less for
the underground option.
Opencast option has greater potential to
permanently destroy unidentified heritage
resources at the area of the open pit
Air Quality Impacts
Any mining activity, including the
underground option will be associated with
increased emissions compared to the
existing air quality environment, but these
would be less compared to an opencast
scenario.
Any mining activity, including the underground
option will be associated with increased
emissions compared to the existing air quality
environment, but these would be less compared
to an opencast scenario.
Open cast mining would be associated
additional in-pit roads resulting in increased
unpaved road emissions, and increased
materials handling emissions
Noise Impacts
The current location and layout of the
Kitumba Copper Project relative to noisesensitive receptors in the area is
acceptable and there are no adverse
noise impact consequences of concern.
The current location and layout of the Kitumba
Copper Project relative to noise-sensitive
receptors in the area is acceptable and there
are no adverse noise impact consequences of
concern.
Opencast mining will result in higher overall
noise emissions and a larger noise footprint
compared to underground mining.
The larger noise footprint of opencast mining
will encroach on a larger zone of wilderness
area which may be a concern for eco-tourism.
Noise Impacts
Because the processing plant with its large noise output is a common component in the alternatives, and due to the large distances between the
mine and the nearest communities, none of the alternatives are expected to have a significant impact on the nearest communities.
Visual Impacts
No open pit but intrusion from subsistence
zone and higher TDF height due to no
past backfill occurring. WRD smaller.
Impact comparable to underground option.
The underground option has significantly less of
a visual impact due to the absence of the
visually intrusive open pit. Visual impacts
associated with other mine infrastructure would
be the same for both options.
Visual landscape is completely altered by the
presence of the open pit (semi-permanent) as
well as mining infrastructure (for the duration of
mining operations).
Socio-economic
Impacts on neighbouring communities
(nuisance, dust, noise etc.) are minimized
and increased employment opportunities
make SLC the preferred option in terms of
economic growth
An underground mine is the preferred option as
it will minimise the impacts on neighbouring
properties from a sense of place perspective.
There will also be less nuisance impacts like
dust and noise, whether it is actual or
perceptual. All other impacts on the social
environment will take place irrespective of the
mining method.
Opencast mining would be associated with
increased noise, dust and visual intrusion in
turn impacting negatively on the social
environment (whether actual or perceived).
Due to the smaller exposed footprint (no
open pit) rehabilitation (such as revegetation of disturbed areas) is expected
to be less than the opencast option.
However, rehabilitation of the subsistence
zone could prove challenging depending
on geotechnical stability and further study
is warranted.
Due to the smaller exposed footprint (no open
pit) rehabilitation (such as re-vegetation of
disturbed areas) is expected to be less.
Rehabilitation of opencast pits may be
significantly more costly and rehabilitation to
viable land use may prove more challenging.
Closure
Rehabilitation
AGES Gauteng
and
-138-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8.3
Environmental Impact Study
Layout Alternatives
The nature of mining activities restricts the consideration of location alternatives to a large degree, due to
the fixed nature of the identified mineral resource. Alternative site layouts may however be considered.
The positioning of project-related infrastructure should be practical from a project process perspective and
should also take the site-specific environmental conditions into consideration.
8.3.1
Main Site Infrastructure
The Main site infrastructure includes three primary components namely:
1) the processing plant,
2) administrative facilities such as offices, parking, workshops, fuel farm and refuelling area, storage
areas for machinery and equipment etc., and
3) employee housing and associated facilities such as ablutions, kitchen facilities, emergency
medical facilities etc.
Any preferred site(s) for the main site infrastructure should consider the following:
•
Relatively flat area to minimise cut / fill earthworks.
•
Process Plant should be located so as to minimise the length of roads, but still taking safety
measures into account). Access from the plant to transport routes, and access to proposed future
location of power and water sources should also be considered.
•
Favourable topography enabling minimal water management issues.
•
Minimal site sensitivities in terms of ecological and/or heritage features.
•
Maximum distance from sensitive receptors, or no line-of-sight to receptors.
It would be advisable to locate on-site housing and associated facilities at the existing exploration camp.
Mine administration facilities are not currently indicated on the base case proposed layout, but the existing
exploration camp would also likely be a suitable location. The proposed position for the processing plant
(See Figure 38) is deemed moderately appropriate as the location meets the majority of the
abovementioned criteria (Table 17).
The optimal location for the plant from an environmental
management point of view would however be further west of its currently planned location, so as to avoid
the high sensitivity drainage channel at its current location.
AGES Gauteng
-139-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Table 17: Evaluation of base case process plant location
Criteria
Criteria Met?
Comment
Minimal cut / fill earthworks required
Yes
Area relatively flat
Length of roads minimised
Yes
Close to Mine Access
Minimal water management issues expected
Yes
No drainage lines
No ecologically sensitive features or heritage
resources affected
No
Partially located on area of high
ecological sensitivity
Distance and Line of Sight to receptors
No
Visibility from road used by
tourists (vegetation may screen)
8.3.2
Tailings Dam Facility Alternatives
The preferred site for the tailings dam facility (TSF) is usually largely influenced by existing topography, as
appropriately locating the TSF in response to existing topographic features may have significant costsaving potential. Unfortunately, such “ideal” TSF sites are usually associated with drainage lines, thus
impacting on natural drainage patterns.
Alternative locations have been evaluated against ecological considerations, storm water management
plans, visual considerations and economics (proximity and elevation in relation to the mining area and
process plant). Tenement is also a distinguishing factor in evaluating layout options as some ideal
locations for a TSF may not be within the Blackthorn mining licence or surface rights area.
Access between on-site infrastructure is also a determining factor as minimizing the length of haul roads is
known to minimise dust impacts at mining operations and is also associated with economic benefit. Thus
the detail mine design should follow a holistic approach, equally determined by environmental and
economic considerations.
The base case TSF site is situated on the road leading to the Mushingashi conservancy. If the TSF is to
be located here, alternative access to Mushingashi will have to be devised by Blackthorn. The base case
TSF location with a TSF height expected at approximately 31 meters is also expected to have significant
impacts on the visual landscape. The TSF is also currently planned on sensitive wetland areas and this
presents ecological as well as technical concerns as constructing the TSF on areas with perched water
table conditions could prove less than ideal. Alternative TSF locations should be identified. One
possibility is to move the TSF to the “dome” area inside the Kitumba Hills as this location will most likely
reduce visual impact, negate the necessity for road relocation and will also be associated with lower
ecological impacts.
A comparative assessment of the Base Case (Figure 38: Base Case and Alternative 1 underground site
layout) TSF Location and the Opencast Alternative TSF location (Figure 39: Alternative 2 Opencast site
layout) is presented in Table 18.
AGES Gauteng
-140-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 37: Base Case SLC mine Layout and ecological sensitivity
AGES Gauteng
-141-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Figure 38: Base Case and Alternative 1 underground site layout
Figure 39: Alternative 2 Opencast site layout
AGES Gauteng
-142-
Environmental Impact Study
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Table 18: Comparative Assessment: TSF Base Case (Alt 1) vs. Alternative 2
Environmental Aspect
Base Case and Alternative 1 TSF for underground operations
Alternative 2 TSF for open cast operation.
Surface Water
TSF on area associated with perched water table – could pose a risk
to wetlands.
TSF affects a portion of ravine (high wetland sensitivity). Storm
water more difficult to manage in these steep areas.
Groundwater
Both scenarios will have to be modelled in detail to determine the potential impacts of each from a ground water management perspective.
Soils and Soil Potential
TSF located on area with high erosion risk, high compaction risk and
medium risk of impact on land capability.
TSF mostly impacting on areas of high erosion risk, but medium
compaction risk and low risk of impact on land capability.
Flora Impacts
The location of the TSF for the underground mine will impact on
moist grass land and miombo woodland (medium sensitivity).
The TSF will have significantly large footprint in the mountainous
area in comparison with the base case and impact on high
sensitivity drainage channels.
Fauna Impacts
Smaller development footprint should imply less displacement of
fauna, although fauna will still be displaced and habitats fragmented
and destroyed.
Larger TSF footprint in the mountainous regions is expected to have
a more significant impact on fauna habitats.
Wetland Impacts
TSF location will impact negatively on medium-high sensitivity moist
grassland with perched water table.
TSF location will impact on some areas (small and already
somewhat impacted area) of high sensitivity drainage channel in
sensitive forest miombo.
Archaeological Impacts
No archaeological impacts are expected, however the likelihood for impacts on unidentified archaeology is significantly less for the
underground option.
Air Quality Impacts
The base case TSF will be more exposed to wind in the low lying
valley.
The alternative TSF will be located in the mountains and more
protected from wind.
Noise Impacts
NA
NA
Visual Impacts
The TSF location is expected to be highly visible from the proposed
location.
The mountainous terrain has the potential to hide the visual intrusion
of the TSF to some extent.
Socio-economic
NA
NA
The base case TSF has a significant smaller footprint and will result
in a lower rehabilitation and closure cost.
The TSF for the opencast requires a significantly larger footprint due
to overburden storage/stripping.
Closure
Rehabilitation
AGES Gauteng
and
-143-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8.3.3
Environmental Impact Study
Waste Dump Location
The Alternative 1 location for the waste dump is to the immediate south of the TSF and also obstructs the
existing Mushingashi road. Additionally the waste dump is expected to impact significantly on the existing
visual landscape in this location. Portions of the waste dump are also located on areas with perched water
table conditions associated with ecological sensitivity.
The location is relatively flat and not associated with specific heritage or ecological resources apart from
the perched water table “flat wetland” areas mentioned. Alternative locations should be considered. The
Base Case (SLC mining option) is associated with a significant decrease in the WRD footprint (see Figure
37 which also impacts on fewer ecologically sensitive areas. If this waste dump is to be relocated slightly
more to the north-west impact on sensitive ecological features can be avoided entirely.
If the current base case layout is to be implemented, the re-alignment of the Mushingashi road will be the
responsibility of the project proponent. A suggested routing is provided in Figure 40.
8.3.4
Water Storage Facility Options
The base case layout has identified three possible options for water storage (Figure 38) which are all in
response to existing topography with the aim of minimizing construction effort. These alternatives are
identified as options only and are not based on the project’s water requirements. Of these, alternative 3 is
deemed to be most appropriate from a visual impact perspective, as well as from an ecological
perspective as the affected drainage channel in question is already somewhat modified.
The three alternatives have relevance in terms of ecological impacts and visual impacts. For all the other
aspects the three alternatives are expected to present the same impacts and risks.
It is recommended that the project continue with consideration of either the base case SLC or the
alternative underground mining option, but that the locations of the WRD, TSF and plant be re-considered
in subsequent development phases. Water storage option 3 is deemed the most appropriate option from
an environmental impact management point of view.
AGES Gauteng
-144-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 40: Suggested route for re-alignment of Mushingashi Road
AGES Gauteng
-145-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8.4
Environmental Impact Study
Route Alternatives
Consideration of alternative routes generally applies to linear developments such as power lines, transport
and pipeline routes, all of which are infrastructure associated with the proposed development. The
alternatives include consideration of alternative routes and methods of transport of materials to site,
transport of products and waste from the site (and its final destination in terms of the “cradle to grave”
principles) and transport of personnel to and from the site.
The exact routes of potential pipelines and electricity and water supply infrastructure have not yet been
determined and the alignment of this infrastructure during future project phases and detail project design
should consider environmental considerations.
Community safety has been flagged as a project risk and will play a significant role in the finalization of the
transportation route option. The current road conditions from the site to Mumbwa and through Mumbwa
would likely present significant safety risks to pedestrians if mine trucks are to utilize these roads for
product transport. Increased heavy traffic on these roads is likely to cause further road deterioration and
dust impacts.
The Regional Manager of the Central Province Road Development Agency (RDA) revealed during on-site
consultations that the RDA is planning to construct Road D181 between Mumbwa and Road M8 towards
the end of 2014. This would include the section of the D181 between Mumbwa and the mine access. This
planned construction is essential to the future of this project.
One of the route alternatives from the site to Lusaka is via the M20 (approximately 116 km) and the T2
Road (approximately 67 km).
The first 60 km of Road M20 from Mumbwa was recently constructed (surfaced with surfaced shoulders)
and is in a very good condition. The rest of Road M20 is currently almost impassable. The RDA has
confirmed that the contract to complete the remaining section of Road M20 has already been signed and
that construction should commence on this section imminently.
The project will produce approximately 33,000 tonnes per annum of copper cathode and approximately
24,000 tonnes per annum of wet copper sulphide concentrate, to be shipped from site by road truck. This
would amount to trip generation to and from the mine as depicted in Table 19.
Table 19: Expected daily trip generation (external transport during production)
Directional split
Total trips
New trips in
New trips out
Consumables
50:50
14
7
7
General Trips
50:50
70
35
35
Product
50:50
12
6
6
96
48
48
Total trips
AGES Gauteng
-146-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
The current assumption is that the concentrates will be placed with local Zambian smelters on the
Copperbelt, while the cathodes will be transported to an appropriate port such as Dar es Salaam
(Tanzania) or Durban (South Africa) for export. From Mumbwa, either the M9 highway or the T2 road via
the M20 can be used to reach Lusaka. These alternatives are discussed in the traffic impact assessment
(Havenga, June 2013). For economic reasons the shortest route and best road conditions (M9) is
preferred.
8.5
Services Alternatives
The proposed mining operation will be associated with a number of support service infrastructure including
water supply (process water, fire water, potable water etc.), power supply, waste management
infrastructure and housing and transport infrastructure. These are briefly investigated below:
8.5.1
Water Supply Options
3
The project’s make-up water requirements of 4,177m /d (48 ℓ/s) could be obtained from a number of
alternative sources. The water supply alternatives investigated are discussed in detail in the Water Supply
Option Analysis conducted by Vivier & Mostert (June 2013), and summarised below:
8.5.1.1
Groundwater
Eight high potential groundwater zones were identified for the potential development of well fields. The
aquifers were mapped and possible water bearing features examined using remote sensing, drainage
catchments, geological information and aerial photo interpretation. Targets were prioritised based on
catchment size and groundwater recharge and areas with regional fault zones and dolomitic formations to
the north of the project site were targeted.
It was found that groundwater resources within a 10 km radius of the site should be able to supply the
mine water demand, although only limited site characterisation boreholes were drilled to confirm this.
The proposed development of an agricultural irrigation scheme for food crop production in the Big
Concession farming block approximately 10 km to the north-east of the mine could pose a risk to regional
groundwater development.
8.5.1.1.1
Regional Groundwater
The groundwater supply potential of each delineated groundwater zone (see Figure 41) was quantified
through a regional groundwater balance evaluation. Groundwater recharge is primarily determined by
rainfall although factors such as topography and soil type also play a role. The MAP of the area is 819
2
mm/a. Thus with a conservative recharge of 5 % of rainfall, an area of 70 km or 5 km radius is required
to provide sufficient recharge for the mine water demand (48 ℓ/s) at a 95% assurance level. The number
of boreholes required to abstract the requisite volumes of water and the yields of the respective boreholes
should be further investigated through a field investigation with borehole drilling and testing, although
AGES Gauteng
-147-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
conservative assumptions were made in this regard. Water from a combination of the identified
groundwater units can be sourced to make-up the total required water supply.
8.5.1.1.2
Underground fissure water from mine dewatering
There is an interaction between mine water supply and dewatering. The mine water supply will be required
for the ramp up phase while water will be generated from dewatering after one year of the underground
mining operations. Pre-dewatering could be done to also supply water to the mine.
3
The mine water demand (4 883 m /d (57 ℓ/s) could partially be met by dewatering, although the required
dewatering to supply the demand would only be reached after several years of mining while the water
supply to the mine plant will be required during the ramp up phase. The timing difference could be bridged
by development of a well field either at the mine area or in the areas identified and discussed above.
Due to the fact that the groundwater at the underground mine is not yet a proven resource, a conservative
3
assumption is made that at least 50% of the low dewatering scenario 2 376 m /d (28 ℓ/s) would be
3
available for water supply. The shortfall of 2 376m /d (28 ℓ/s) must be obtained from development of
groundwater resources in the area via Piped River Water.
The option to abstract water from the Kafue River approximately 30 km north of the site and pipe the water
to the mine operations was also considered. The exact pipeline route and specifications for pipeline
material and pumping stations, should this option be pursued, are yet to be determined. Water quality is
not foreseen to present challenges, however the option is associated with considerably higher capital
expense.
The monetary cost of constructing such a water supply system to the mine is not the only concern
associated with this water supply option: Additional environmental impact assessments over the entire
pipeline route, water intake structure area, pump station locations and the Kafue River itself will have to be
conducted to determine the environmental acceptability of this proposal. It is expected that such a pipeline
would traverse sections of the Mushingashi Conservancy and thus also meet with resistance due to
potential impacts on the local tourism sector.
AGES Gauteng
-148-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Figure 41: Water supply option – Groundwater
AGES Gauteng
-149-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8.5.2
Environmental Impact Study
Power supply options
Two power supply options have been identified, namely in-situ generation using diesel generator sets
(gensets); or connecting to the ZESCO electricity grid.
Consideration could also be given to
supplementary solar or wind power, to a lesser extent.
Blackthorn is currently negotiating with ZESCO for supply of electric power to the project and it is likely that
emergency power back-ups will be incorporated into the detail project design during DFS.
Care must be taken that over-head power lines do not pose a threat to animal (especially avifauna) safety
and the visual impacts of electrical power supply to the project have also not been accounted for in this
PFS study. It is however expected that the majority of visual receptors (local residents) will welcome
electrical power infrastructure in the area, and that the only sensitive visual receptors who may be
negatively affected by the presence of power supply infrastructure would be tourists travelling through the
area to Mushingashi and KNP.
8.5.3
Waste management options
Processing and technology alternatives will possibly give rise to different types of waste with different
management options, and a detailed waste management plan should be compiled once more project
detail becomes available. Such a waste management plan should, as a minimum:
•
identify all types of wastes and quantities of wastes associated with the project and associated
activities,
•
quantify the abovementioned waste types throughout the lifespan of the project in different
phases,
•
identify appropriate waste storage options on the site, and waste transport options from the site,
and implement plans to ensure safe and legal disposal / treatment / re-use,
•
identify and implement procedures to avoid or minimise the generation of waste, encourage or
enforce the re-use and recycling of waste, and as a last resort to dispose of waste (waste
hierarchy).
Waste management could include disposal to landfill in which case the landfill will have to be identified and
the impacts of such disposal (including transport of waste from the site to the landfill) must be evaluated.
Recycling options should also be assessed.
Domestic waste from the site (papers, wrappers, cans etc.) and office waste is not expected to be
hazardous and disposal of these wastes should consider recycling options – there are a number of
companies in Zambia (mostly based in Lusaka) capable of recycling domestic waste.
Sewage disposal / treatment options have to be investigated fully in subsequent project phases. It is
AGES Gauteng
-150-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
anticipated that, due to the remote location of the mine site, sewage effluent may be treated on site
through package sewerage treatment plants (http://www.wpl.co.uk/), or that domestic sewage will have to
be removed by specialist waste contractors on a regular basis. This second option will be associated with
increased traffic and associated dust impacts, while on-site sewage treatment is associated with its own
risks which should be evaluated as part of the EIA and considered in the compilation of the waste
management plan.
Hazardous waste which may be associated with the project include (but is not limited to) various
hydrocarbons, oily solids and liquids, medical waste, batteries and electronic waste, flammable
substances and explosives. Some of these may have treatment and/or disposal options within Zambia,
but some may have to be transported elsewhere in order to ensure safe disposal.
Zambia has formally agreed to the Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention) which aims to protect human health and the
environment against the adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, movement and
disposal of hazardous waste. Additionally, many countries to whom hazardous waste may be sent have
ratified the Basel Convention and the provisions thereof will have to be heeded in the waste management
practices of the project.
Zambia has also signed the 1991 Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of
Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes within Africa (Bamako Convention) although the
ratification has yet to be finalised. The convention is supplementary to the Basel Convention and covers
movement of hazardous waste into or between signatory African countries. The provisions of the
convention will have to be considered in the preparation of the waste management plan.
Trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes are generally approved if the country of export does not
have the capability of managing or disposing of the waste in an environmentally sound manner and the
receiving country has appropriate, environmentally sound facilities, and agrees to accept the waste.
8.5.4
Employee housing options
Employee housing options will directly influence transport options, waste management scope, and will also
potentially affect the surrounding social environment, especially if employees are to be housed in
surrounding villages. Housing employees on the site is associated with its own set of challenges in terms
of social considerations and service provision to name but a few.
Movement of personnel between the mine site and the surrounding environment could present significant
potential for animal-human interaction, which will have to be managed carefully.
The current estimate is for a peak construction work force of 500 and accommodation camp for operations
of 400 people. These figures are likely to be refined as the project progresses. Accommodation facilities
on site will be provided at the site of the existing exploration camp. Employees will be bussed to the site
from Mumbwa.
AGES Gauteng
-151-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
8.6
Environmental Impact Study
Scheduling Alternatives
The proposed project comprises a number of activities and components which can be scheduled in a
different order or at different times (of the day or of the year in different seasons) and as such produce
different impacts. For example, conducting earth-works during construction in the dry season would
significantly reduce the risk of erosion, but may give rise to higher dust impacts; blasting activities
scheduled during the day-time will have a less significant perceived noise impact than blasting activities at
night; and operational hours of the mining and processing operations can also alter its visual and noise
impacts.
Usually, scheduling of mining operations is driven by economic rather than ecological considerations.
Scheduling alternatives should be considered in more detail as part of the DFS project planning.
8.7
The No-Go Alternative
The No-Development Option assumes that the activity does not go ahead, implying a continuation of the
current situation or the status quo. The baseline descriptions provided in Section 5 of this report will
therefore remain as is, but the potential benefits arising from the implementation of the project will not be
realized.
Thus from a purely ecological point of view, the no-go option may be preferred as the project is located in
a pristine environment. However, if the project does not go ahead, the conservation potential discussed in
Section 8.1 will not be realized, and the socio-economic opportunities that the proposed project presents
to local people and to the Zambian economy will not materialize.
It is therefore stated that the potential benefits of the proposed project outweigh the potential negative
impacts associated with project, assuming that appropriate management measures are implemented
throughout all project phases in order to minimise project impacts and enhance project benefits.
AGES Gauteng
-152-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
9
Environmental Impact Study
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The costs referred to for any monitoring or mitigation costs are indicative and will be finalized as part of the Feasibility Study.
Table 20: Environmental Management Plan
1.1
1.6
1.4
All construction
activities
All Sources
Impact
Increased PM10 and PM
2.5 on and around the
project site activities
Incremental PM2.5 and
PM10 Impact
Movement of
vehicles and
personnel on
unpaved roads
Air quality impacts from
increased dust
Materials handling
and Crushing
Incremental PM2.5 and
PM10 Impact
1.
10
Unpaved Roads
1.8
2 Hydrogeology
Establishment of
construction camp
and sanitation
2.1 facilities
AGES Gauteng
Incremental PM2.5 and
PM10 Impact
Negative impacts on
Groundwater quality
Mitigation
Water sprays for dust suppression to
be applied according to prevailing
site specific conditions
All mitigation listed for subsequent
source groups
Water sprays for dust suppression to
be applied according to prevailing
site specific conditions.
Consideration of conveyor use
wherever possible.
50% control efficiency through water
sprays or dust extraction. Reduce
drop heights where possible.
Increase moisture content (above
4%) of material entering crusher if
possible.
75% control efficiency by water
sprays on roads
Continuous throughout all project phases
Activity/Aspect
1 Air Quality
Use chemical sanitary facilities
placed away from drainages.
Frequent maintenance by specialist
contractor for removal without
Throughout
construction
Phase
No
Time
Frame
-153-
Performance indicator
Dust fallout rates should
not exceed 350
mg/m2/day
Dust fallout @ road
perimeter < 1 200
mg/m2/day, within mine
boundary < 600
mg/m2/day and < 350
mg/m2/day at the
sensitive receptors.
Monitoring
and
reporting
Refer to the
Air Quality
Impact
Assessment
(LiebenbergEnslin &
Gresse, 2013
- Appendix
3.1) Section
6: Figure 6-1
indicates the
proposed
monitoring
network for
the project.
No visible dust.
No spillages from
chemical sanitary
facilities. No uncontrolled
discharges (separation of
The mine
environment
al manager is
charged with
Cost
As per
Appendix 5
Cost
dependant on
responsible
party (on-site
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
2.2
2.3
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Use of explosives
for decline
development
Contribute to nitrates
overload to
groundwater
Hydrocarbon
spillages
(construction
vehicles)
Negative impacts on
Groundwater quality
Surface water
contamination
Negative impacts on
surface water quality
Anthropogenic
activities on site
Negative impacts on
surface and
groundwater quality
2.4
Environmental Impact Study
Mitigation
spillages. Schedule construction
during the dry season if possible. No
uncontrolled discharges from the
construction camp shall be
permitted; Good housekeeping rules
to be implemented at site.
The use of all materials, fuels and
chemicals must be controlled and
these must be stored in a specific
secured and bunded area to prevent
pollution from spillages and
leakages;
Construction vehicles and machines
must be maintained properly to
ensure that oil spillages are kept at a
minimum; Re-fuelling of
construction vehicles should be done
in designated re-fuelling, bunded
areas which must be impermeable
with sumps capturing any waste
water;
Monitoring according to the
monitoring protocol should
commence before construction
starts, preferable at least a sampling
run in the winter and summer before
construction commences.
2.5
AGES Gauteng
-154-
Time
Frame
Performance indicator
clean and dirty water
systems). No visible
waste, litter on site.
All fuels, chemicals etc.
stored in designated and
secured areas designed
for purpose (with
impervious floors,
bunded to 110% capacity
of storage vessel,
protected from
precipitation and wind).
Regular maintenance of
vehicles and machinery as
per manufacturer's
specification. No visible
oil or fuel leaks from
vehicles/machinery or
anywhere on site. Use of
explosives to be
controlled (only used by
qualified designated
persons).
Monitoring
and
reporting
monitoring
and
reporting on
noncompliances
with
legislation,
spillages or
any other
environment
al incidents
on site. The
proponent
may consider
appointing a
designated
environment
al control
officer for
these
purposes.
Explosive
storage,
handling and
use specialist and
mine Health
and Safety
officer.
Cost
environmenta
l manager or
additional
Environmenta
l Control
Officer). To be
determined,
but expected
to be in
keeping with
mine
operational
costs.
Appendix 5
No
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Dewatering radius
of influence
Lowering water levels of
surrounding (3 km
radius) water supply
boreholes.
Inrush of
groundwater to
mine tunnels and
stopes
Loss of Life
Dewatering radius
of influence
Lowering water levels of
wetlands (3 km radius),
decrease groundwater
head
Contaminant
leaching from mine
waste facilities
Groundwater and
surface water
contamination by
copper, cobalt,
cadmium and
manganese
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Uranium
concentrated in
the product
2.
10
AGES Gauteng
Radioactive
contaminants from
mine waste facilities
Environmental Impact Study
Mitigation
Monitor radius of influence (local
and regional water level
measurements monthly). Provide
alternative water to affected
parties/ecosystems
Dewatering design which covers
drilling and pre-dewatering or
sealing
Additional site characterisation to
determine wetland mechanism.
Monitoring boreholes. Specific
discharge into wetlands to maintain
biodiversity
More detailed geochemical
investigations. Mixing of lime in plant
to neutralize tailings waste and
seepage capturing during
operational phase
Seepage capturing during
operational phase. Bleeding off
uranium in process water to prevent
build-up. Separate uranium in the
plant and develop small norm waste
facility, dispose at licensed facility or
sell.
-155-
Time
Frame
Throughout operational phase
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Performance indicator
Measurement of local
and regional water levels
(monthly). Provision of
alternative water if and as
needed.
No loss of life or injury to
occur as inrush of water is
to be prevented.
No nett decrease in
minimum wetland water
levels.
Chemical levels not to
exceed accepted
standards (neutral mine
waste)
No unacceptable levels of
radiation in mine waste
Monitoring
and
reporting
Monthly by
Mine
environment
al manager
Mine Health
and Safety
Officer
Monthly by
Mine
environment
al manager
Monthly by
Mine
environment
al manager
Every 3
months by
Mine
environment
al manager
Cost
As per
Appendix 5
Only
determinable
after
additional
studies.
Drilling of
Additional
monitoring
boreholes –
Appendix 5
Indicative cost
for additional
Geochemical
AnalysisR250
000
Radiological
Source
Characterizati
on
Indicative
budget of
R118 000
No
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Chemicals used in
mining activities
Contamination of
surface and
groundwater by point
source chemicals
2.11
Groundwater
seepage to
underground
2.12 workings
Increased runoff
due to mining
activities
Filling up mine shaft
negative impact on
mine schedule and
operations
Increased erosion and
silt loading on surface
water bodies
2.13
Hydrocarbon
spillages (from
storage facilities or
2.14 vehicles)
Use of explosives
2.15
Contaminated
stormwater runoff
from mine
2.16 workings
Mine dewatering
2.17 effects decreasing -
AGES Gauteng
Negative impacts on
groundwater and
surface water quality
Presence of nitrates in
water derived from
mine workings (impacts
on water quality)
Negative impacts on
groundwater and
surface water quality
Rising of water levels
and increase in
Environmental Impact Study
Time
Frame
Mitigation
Performance indicator
No leakages or spillages
Water to be pumped out and reused in mine circuit (contact water)
No unmanageable
seepage of groundwater
to underground workings
Erosion control measures and
stormwater management plan to be
implemented
Maintenance of mine vehicles and
machinery. Use spill trays when
necessary. Oil separators at
workshops
Groundwater monitoring and
treatment if necessary
A stormwater management plan
should be implemented to ensure
effective containment. Silt traps to
capture sediment load.
Sealing of decline and access tunnels
to reduce oxygen ingress. Liming of
-156-
Monitoring
and
reporting
Mine
Environment
al Manager
All materials, fuels and chemicals
must be stored in specific secured
and bunded area. Spillages and
leakages are to be prevented.
Effective implementation
of storm water
management plan.
Maintenance according to
manufacturer
specification. No visible
spills on site.
Use of explosives
controlled (qualified
persons). Only acceptable
nitrate concentrations in
groundwater.
Effective implementation
of storm water
management plan.
Monitoring rise of water
levels to verify
deco
mmis
sionin
g and
closu
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Mine Health
and Safety
Officer
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Cost
Water
Monitoring
costs included
in Appendix 5
will be
sufficient.As per
engineering
operational
costs.
Stormwater
Management
Plan – Approx.
R140 000
Water
Monitoring as
per Appendix
5.
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Water
MonitoringAs per
Appendix 5
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Stormwater
Management
Plan – Approx.
R140 000
Mine Closure
and
Mine
Environment
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
Activity/Aspect
post operational
rewatering
Re-watering radius
of influence
2.18
Leaching of
contaminants from
mine waste
facilities
2.19
Impact
borehole yields for
water supply
Increased water levels
of wetlands (3 km
radius) and increased
groundwater head
Contamination of
groundwater and
surface water by
copper, cobalt,
cadmium and
manganese
Radioactive
contaminants from
mine waste
facilities
Uranium concentrated
in product. Residual
concentrations in WRD
and TSF (probably low)
Use of explosives
causing presence
of nitrates
Groundwater
contamination by
nitrates due to blasting
Migration of TSF
and WRD plume
(northwest)
Negative impacts on
surface and
groundwater quality
2.2
2.21
2.22
4 Visual Impacts
AGES Gauteng
Environmental Impact Study
Mitigation
mine void to neutralise post
operational flooding
Channel rehabilitated storm water to
wetlands
Additional geochemical studies to
increase understanding of the
system. Neutralise waste during
operational phase. TSF rehabilitation
Additional geochemical and
radiological studies. Bleeding off
uranium in process water to prevent
build-up. Separate uranium in plant
and develop norm waste facility,
dispose at licensed facility or sell.
Nitrates would dissipate as blasting
stops
TSF rehabilitation (and capping) to
minimise ingress
-157-
Time
Frame
Performance indicator
No decrease in wetland
water levels
Contaminants in
groundwater remain at
acceptable levels. TSF
rehabilitation according
to specialist rehab plan
No unacceptable levels of
radiation in mine waste
Nitrate concentrations in
groundwater at
acceptable level and
decreasing
Monitor groundwater
quality to northwest to
verify migration as
expected.
Monitoring
and
reporting
al Manager
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Cost
Rehabilitation
– Appendix 3
As per
Appendix 5
Only
determinable
after detailed
Rehabilitation
plan has been
compiled.
As per
Appendix 5
As per
Appendix 5
Mine Closure
and
Rehabilitation
– Appendix 3
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
4.1
4.2
Activity/Aspect
Presence of
construction
vehicles,
machinery,
equipment and
personnel
Impact
Alteration of key
elements, features and
characteristics of the
baseline visual
environment
Presence of
construction and
mining vehicles,
machinery,
equipment and
personnel
Alteration of key
elements, features and
characteristics of the
baseline visual
environment
Presence of
vehicles,
machinery,
equipment and
personnel
Alteration of key
elements, features and
characteristics of the
baseline visual
environment
4.3
Security and other
lighting at the
project site.
Alteration of visual
environment by Light
pollution
Environmental Impact Study
Mitigation
Retain existing vegetation where
possible (especially along site
boundary and roads). Implement
dust suppression. Concurrent
rehabilitation. Strict speed limits.
Careful consideration of lighting.
Dust suppression. Develop
sustainable final landform design for
TSF, WRD and water storage
facilities. Concurrent rehabilitation of
TSF and WRD. Strict speed limits.
Careful consideration of lighting
Dust suppression. Design of TSF,
WRD etc. to minimise final heights.
Concurrent rehabilitation and
monitoring of success of rehab.
Minimise light pollution: Security
lighting should only be used where
absolutely necessary and carefully
directed. Reduce light “spillage”
beyond the immediate surrounds of
the project. Avoid white light. Light
pathways and roads with ‘bollard’
type lights. Avoid pole top lighting.
5 Impact on Heritage resources
AGES Gauteng
-158-
Time
Frame
Performance indicator
Vegetation retained, no
visible dust, no
unnecessary light spillage
Throug
hout
all
project
phases
No visible dust.
Concurrent rehabilitation
to satisfaction of
rehabilitation plan.
Monitor success of
rehabilitation as per
rehabilitation plan.
No complaints from
surrounding tourist
lodges regarding light
pollution.
Monitoring
and
reporting
Cost
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Landscape
architect,
ecologist or
similar and
Mine
environment
al manager
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Complaints
record
keeping by
Mine
environment
al manager continuous.
Concurrent
rehabilitation
as per
Appendix 3
Only
determinable
after
compilation of
site specific
rehabilitation
plan
-
No
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Construction,
operation and
decommissioning
of the mining
project and
associated projects
(roads, water
supply etc.).
Damage to or
destruction of
undiscovered heritage
or archaeological
resources
5.1
6 Social Impacts
Development in
the area causing inmigration of
6.1 foreigners
Influx of people to
the surrounding
villages due to
6.2 opportunities
Job-creation for
local people and
for people from
outside,
inappropriate
procurement
6.3 policies
AGES Gauteng
Change in cultural
values and integrity
(Impact on Social
Dynamics)
Negative impacts on
existing community
cohesion (Impact on
Social Dynamics)
Social differentiation
and inequity (Impact on
Social Dynamics)
Environmental Impact Study
Mitigation
Environmental awareness training
and brief watch monitoring
programmes throughout
development - know what to look
out for. Archaeological surveys on
associated projects' sites prior to
development. Consultation with local
communities (protect living
heritage).
Time
Frame
Performance indicator
Discuss potential for in-migration
with community leaders (political
and traditional) and obtain their
views on management options;
Decide on recruitment policies in
conjunction with the leadership
structures. Ensure policies are fair
and equitable (and perceived as
such). Communicate the policies as
early as possible. Implement a quota
system from each affected village.
Create awareness of potential social
ills (pamphlets, lectures, posters).
Implement a community relations
plan (include all relevant
-159-
Monitoring
and
reporting
Mine
Environment
al Manager
Throug
hout
all
project
phases
No damage to heritage
resources
Throughout all project phases - but to
commence prior to project (procedures etc.
to be in place before project commences).
Community Liaison and consultation is an
on-going process.
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Social impacts associated
with the project directly
impact a contingency of
the projects' work force.
Internal and external
complaints register is to
be kept - performance
indicated by no
complaints received and
reaction to complaints
received. Monitor
community water levels
and quality - no
deterioration in quality
will be accepted. If water
The mine
should
consider the
appointment
of a
community
liaison officer
for the
duration of
the project.
A complaints
register
(both
internal for
employees
Cost
Mine Closure
and
Rehabilitation
– Appendix 3.
No specific
cost
associated
with
monitoring
and
management
of social
impacts apart
from:
appointment
of Community
Liaison Officer
and
Community
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
Activity/Aspect
Conflict about
available jobs and
who should benefit
from the project.
Cultural change
due to influx and
economic changes
for some.
Unrealistically high
community
expectations of
benefits due to
project
Mine staff residing
away from their
families
Change in sense of
belonging due to
influx of people
Influx of people
putting pressure
on infrastructure
and resources,
increased disease,
accidents and
injuries
AGES Gauteng
Impact
Social tension and
violence (Impact on
Social Dynamics)
Aspirations and
expectations of
community not realized
(causing tension and
distrust). (Impact on
Social Dynamics)
Alterations in Family
structures. (Impact on
Social Dynamics)
Community
identification and
connection (Impact on
Social Dynamics)
Impacts on Health and
social wellbeing:
Impacts on physical
health
Environmental Impact Study
Mitigation
stakeholders). Establish a community
liaison forum (CLF) with
representatives from all the
stakeholders (including in-migrants,
woman, the youth and the elderly).
Participate in community events.
Ensure consistent communication.
The mine will need the input from
government (local and traditional)
and a number of community
institutions to successfully manage
this process. The change cannot be
avoided, but must be managed.
Cooperate and align with existing
health services and programs and
engage with Health Department.
Skills enhancement and training
through site clinic. Avoid standing
pools of water on site (breeding
ground for mosquitoes). Community
-160-
Time
Frame
Performance indicator
levels drop alternative
potable water has to be
supplied to the
communities.
Performance of Social
impact management
measures should also be
evaluated from within
local communities - the
results / minutes of the
community forum
meetings and feedback
from a community liaison
officer will indicate
whether the project is
socially acceptable.
Monitoring
and
reporting
etc. and
external for
members of
the public)
should be
kept
continuously.
Communicati
on between
the mine,
communities
, government
departments
and other
stakeholders
should be a
continuous
process
throughout
all of the
phases of the
project.
Cost
Forum
administratio
n as well as
the Mine
environmenta
l Officer.
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No
6.9
Activity/Aspect
Impacts on water
quality/availability,
increased traffic,
unfair labour
practices
Impact
Impacts on Health and
social wellbeing:
Impacts on personal
safety (physical and
psychological)
Influx of people
creating a platform
for opportunistic
and other criminals
Impacts on Health and
social wellbeing: Crime increased theft, social
ills and poaching
6.
10
Influx of people
putting additional
pressure on
infrastructure
(roads, sanitation
6.11 etc.)
6.12
presence of mine
infrastructure,
vehicles,
machinery and
personnel
Animal human
interaction and
resultant industry
6.13 conflicts
AGES Gauteng
Shortage of social and
physical infrastructure
(Impact on quality of
the living environment)
Alteration of sense of
place / environmental
amenity value /
aesthetic quality
(negative impact on
tourism)
Conflicting land uses
with neighbouring
activities (conservation
vs. mining)
Environmental Impact Study
Mitigation
outreach programmes to address
malaria. Buildings to be mosquito
proof. Road safety signage.
Collaborate with local authorities
and law enforcement (prevent
speeding, reckless driving; enforce
seat belt usage, accident response
etc.). Provide health care services to
workers. Abide by VPSHR. Deploy
two guards in critical locations.
Involve guards in anti-poaching
activities and support anti-poaching
programs. Educate the work force
about poaching.
Get input from all role players.
Utilise existing exploration camp for
housing. Provide worker transport.
Engage with government for
infrastructure upgrades. Include
upgrade of social infrastructure in
CSI initiatives. Guide staff interaction
with local communities and
conservation areas. Provide a buffer
zone around the physical footprint of
the project and fence off. Elephantproof water structures and
scavenger-proof waste areas. Include
animal-human interaction
procedures in health and safety
procedures.
-161-
Time
Frame
Performance indicator
Monitoring
and
reporting
Cost
Activity/Aspect
Impact
7 Impacts on Biodiversity
Vegetation clearing
and construction
Destruction of habitat
7.1
Storage of Tailings;
Laydown areas for
stockpiles and
waste rock
Direct habitat
destruction
7.2
Vegetation clearing
and construction
Habitat fragmentation
7.3
7.4
Storage of Tailings;
Laydown areas for
stockpiles and
waste rock
AGES Gauteng
Habitat fragmentation
Mitigation
Retain vegetation where possible.
Reduce disturbance to breeding
fauna and blooming flora). Relocate
plants of ecological significance; Do
not clear the entire footprint
simultaneously; Clearly demarcate
the entire development footprint
and prevent creep; Implement
monitoring to ensure minimal
impacts; Provide environmental
training; Cordon off and continually
excavate and backfill trenches. Only
use poison for vermin after approval
from an ecologist. Concurrent
rehabilitation and detailed
rehabilitation of subsistence zone
and cracks – Geotechnical Specialist
to advise.
Use existing facilities as far as
possible. Ensure as little disturbance
as possible (especially to ravines and
moist grassland pockets). Establish
protective buffers around sensitive
areas. Remain within defined
construction areas and servitudes.
Unnecessary driving around or
bulldozing natural habitat must not
take place. No disturbance will occur
outside demarcated areas.
-162-
Time
Frame
Throughout all project phases
No
Environmental Impact Study
Throughout all project phases
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Performance indicator
Successful environmental
training to all employees.
No activities beyond
demarcated mine area,
and vegetation also
retained within mine area
where possible.
Rehabilitation of
subsistence zone as per
geotechnical specialist
recommendations, to
compile detailed
rehabilitation plant in
consultation with an
ecologist / landscape
architect.
Adequate fenced buffer
zones; no activities
beyond fenced
boundaries; effective
conservation/avoidance
of ravines and moist
grassland pockets.
Monitoring
and
reporting
Cost
Mine
Environment
al Manager
No cost
associated
with retention
of vegetation.
Training costs
to be
determined if
not conducted
in-house.
Project
design
should
consider
avoidance of
sensitive
habitats.
To be
determined
by project
engineering
team
Mine
Environment
al Manager
to monitor
-
7.5
7.6
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Exposure of rock,
ore and soil to
rainfall and wind
Soil erosion
Increased
hardened surfaces
created at the
project site
Increased soil erosion
and sedimentation
Rehabilitation
activities
soil erosion
Movement of
vehicles on site
Spillages of harmful
substances
7.7
7.8
AGES Gauteng
Mitigation
Schedule topsoil stripping and
excavation for the dry season where
possible; Ensure minimal exposed
areas – concurrent construction and
rehabilitation; Cover disturbed soils;
Control runoff: move water without
gulley formation; Install sediment
control devices. Implement stringent
erosion and dust control practices.
Institute a storm water management
plan. Do not let surface water or
storm water be concentrated, Design
storm water discharge points to
prevent erosion; Repair all erosion
damage as soon as possible; Gravel
roads must be well drained in order
to limit soil erosion.
Contain polluted water. Discard
excess, waste or chemicals in an
environmental friendly way. Store
-163-
Time
Frame
Performance indicator
Monitoring
and
reporting
and report.
Cost
Throughout all project phases
No
Environmental Impact Study
Minimal disturbances and
concurrent rehabilitation.
Implementation of storm
water management
measures. No visible
erosion or gully formation
Mine
environment
al manager
-
Througho
ut all
project
phases
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Adherence to the
provisions of the detailed
waste management plan
Mine
environment
al manager
-Air and
Water
Monitoring as
No
7.9
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Domestic and
hazardous waste
storage and
disposal, sewage
treatment
Spillages of harmful
substances
Movement of
vehicles on site
Spillages of harmful
substances
7.
10
Exposure of rock,
ore and soil to
7.11 rainfall and wind
Stockpiling,
Materials handling,
vehicle
entrainment and
7.12 windblown dust
Rehabilitation
activities
7.13
AGES Gauteng
Dust contamination
Dust
Dust
Environmental Impact Study
Mitigation
hazardous chemicals on an
impervious surface protected from
storm water; Construct refuelling
stations to prevent spillages. Contain
accidental spillages and clean up
promptly; treat sewage in a suitable
plant or remove from site for
treatment elsewhere; Spill kits
should be on-hand to deal with spills
immediately; Inspect all vehicles
regularly for oil and fuel leaks.
Vehicle maintenance should be done
in a designated facility and drip trays
should be used. Drip trays should be
emptied into a holding tank and
returned to the supplier.
Undertake dust suppression and a
dust monitoring programme.
Implement the air quality
management programme, and
monitor regularly to ascertain the
dust load and emission rates and
particle size distribution; Implement
standard dust control measures,
including periodic spraying and
chemical dust suppression and
monitor efficiency. Implement strict
speed limits to reduce dust
formation.
-164-
Time
Frame
Throughout all project phases
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Performance indicator
(to be compiled) and
principles of the waste
hierarchy. No spillages at
refuelling stations or
storage areas and no
leaks from vehicles or
machinery. Sewage
treatment as per
specification. Spill kits
present and employees
know how to use them.
Appropriate vehicle
maintenance facility.
No visible dust and no
exceedance of acceptable
emissions standards
according to the air
quality management
programme.
Monitoring
and
reporting
Mine
environment
al manager
Cost
per Appendix
5
Air Quality
Monitoring As
per Appendix
5
Movement of
vehicles on site
Impact
Spread of alien invasive
species
Spread of alien invasive
species
Spread of alien invasive
species
7.16
Construction of
infrastructure,
7.17 roads etc.
workers
accommodation on
7.18 site
7.19
7.2
Presence of
labourers on site
Continued
movement of
personnel and
vehicles on and off
site, and deliver of
materials
AGES Gauteng
Negative impacts of
human activities
Negative effects of
human activities on
flora
Negative effects of
human activities on
flora
Fauna mortality on
roads
Mitigation
Kill the alien invasive plants and
seedlings and establish an
alternative plant cover to limit regrowth; Institute strict control over
materials brought onto site.
Routinely fumigate with appropriate
herbicides; Rehabilitate disturbed
areas as quickly as possible; Institute
a monitoring programme to detect
alien invasive species early, and an
eradication/control programme for
early intervention if invasive species
are detected; A detailed plan should
be developed for control of noxious
weeds and invasive plants..
Accommodate staff on site. Fence
area to prevent movement into ‘nogo’ areas. Provide adequate rubbish
bins and sanitation facilities;
Maintain firebreaks around
development footprint. Educate
construction workers regarding risks
and correct disposal of waste
materials.
Enforce a speed limit no more than
40 km/hour. Install speed bumps in
sections where the speed limit tends
to be disobeyed. Avoid travelling at
night. Lights should be positioned
5 m from the roads or paved areas.
-165-
Performance indicator
Monitoring
and
reporting
Cost
Throughout all project phases
Activity/Aspect
Continued
movement of
personnel and
vehicles on and off
site, and deliver of
7.14 materials
Transporting of
people and
7.15 equipment
Time
Frame
No alien invasive plants
present on the project
site.
Mine
environment
al manager
Biodiversity
Monitoring as
per Mine
Closure and
Rehabilitation
– Appendix 3
Throughout all project
phases
No
Environmental Impact Study
No movement into no-go
areas. Good
housekeeping practices
implemented (no litter
etc.). Firebreaks
adequate.
Mine
environment
al manager
-
Throughout all
project phases
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No exceedences of speed
limits. No night travelling.
Appropriate lighting (no /
little insect activity). No
or little observed fauna
mortality on roads. No
Mine
environment
al manager
-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Mining operations
during night time
Impact
8.1
AGES Gauteng
Limit construction to day-time;
minimise external lighting; longwavelength light sources should be
used. Do not use Fluorescent lights
outdoors. Direct external light
sources inward; Internal lighting
should be shielded.
Alter base case layout to fall outside
of wetlands; Limit development
activities to appropriate areas. Avoid
rigid geometries; Provide regular
environmental training; Do not
remove indigenous plants from
wetlands or riparian areas; Control
pesticide use; monitor wetland water
Fauna mortality on
roads
Performance indicator
incidents involving
animal-human
interaction.
Cost
Fauna mortality
Light pollution
Light pollution
7.24
8 Impacts on Wetlands
Clearing of
vegetation,
construction of
infrastructure etc.
Mitigation
Monitoring
and
reporting
Habitat Destruction
-166-
Throughout all
construction phases
Activity/Aspect
Movement of
vehicles on and off
site and delivery of
7.21 materials
Movement of
7.22 vehicles on site
Construction of
mining
infrastructure,
7.23 access roads etc.
Time
Frame
No or little light spillages
at night beyond project
site boundary.
Mine
environment
al manager
-
Throughout all
construction phases
No
Environmental Impact Study
If the base case layout is
altered to avoid the
wetland areas, the impact
is avoided and no further
measures are necessary.
Project team
-
No
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Placement of
stockpiles, TSF and
WRD on wetlands
Direct habitat
destruction
8.2
8.3
8.4
Increased
hardened surfaces
and exposed areas
Soil compaction and
erosion leading to
sedimentation
Increased
hardened surfaces
and exposed areas
Increased soil erosion
and sedimentation
Rehabilitation
activities
8.5
AGES Gauteng
Increased soil erosion
and sedimentation
Environmental Impact Study
Mitigation
levels; Avoid work in rivers, streams
and wetlands or limit to dry season.
Implement a rehabilitation plan.
Cross drainage channels at 90
degrees. Minimize changes to
natural drainage patterns and
crossings to drainages. Perform
scheduled maintenance to be
prepared for storms. In-stream
diversions at constructions in
drainages must avoid damming. No
construction of new channels.
Manage storm water run-off and
potential flooding.
Minimize land disturbance; Schedule
topsoil stripping and excavation for
winter if possible; Minimise exposed
areas; Cover disturbed soils; Move
runoff water without gully
formation, trap sediment before
discharge. Implement erosion and
dust control practices. Minimize
concentrated water. Control
stormwater velocity and divert runoff around disturbed areas. Institute
a storm water management plan;
Have temporary and permanent
erosion control plans; Protect areas
susceptible to erosion and repair
erosion damage as soon as possible;
-167-
Time
Frame
Performance indicator
Monitoring
and
reporting
Surface water monitoring
as per monitoring
protocol.
Mine
environment
al manager.
Cost
As per
Appendix 5
Construction and operational phases
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Surface water monitoring
as per monitoring
protocol.
Mine
environment
al manager.
As
per
Appendix 5
8.6
8.7
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Exposure of rock,
ore and soil to
rainfall and wind,
and vehicle
movement
Water pollution from
spillages of harmful
substances
Large vehicles - oil
and fuel spillages,
building waste,
batching plants,
sewage and
domestic waste,
topsoil storage
Water pollution from
spillages
Movement of
vehicles on site for
rehabilitation
Water pollution from
spillages
Movement of
construction
vehicles
Dust contamination
8.8
8.9
AGES Gauteng
Mitigation
Gravel roads must be well drained in
order to limit soil erosion;
Treatment and containment of dirty
water; remove excess, waste
material or chemicals from site and
discard in an environmental friendly
way; Inspect construction vehicles
for oil and fuel leaks, service
regularly. Situate maintenance yards
away from drainage lines; Construct
refuelling stations to prevent
spillages and be prepared for
accidental spills. Prevent pollutant
entry into the drainage system; Treat
sewage in a suitable plant or remove
from the site for treatment
elsewhere; Maintain a good standard
of housekeeping. Store all litter so it
cannot contaminate drainage
systems; Provide (scavenger proof)
bins. Avoid poisons for the control of
problem animals.
Implement dust suppression and
monitoring. Implement air quality
management programme. Use dust
-168-
Performance indicator
Monitoring
and
reporting
Construction and operational phases
No
Environmental Impact Study
Surface water monitoring
as per monitoring
protocol.
Mine
environment
al manager.
Through
out all
project
phases
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Surface water monitoring
as per monitoring
protocol.
Time
Frame
Cost
As per
Appendix 5
and
Stormwater
Management
Plant
Mine
environment
al manager.
As per
Appendix 5
No
8.
10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
9
Environmental Impact Study
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Mitigation
Stockpiling,
masks as per the Mine health and
Materials handling,
safety requirements; Implement
vehicle
Dust contamination
standard dust control measures, Soil
entrainment and
dumps may be covered if necessary;
windblown dust
A speed limit (no more than 60
km/hour)
should be enforced on dirt
Movement of
roads;
vehicles on site for Dust contamination
rehabilitation
Movement of
personnel and
Spread of alien invasive
vehicles on and off
species in wetland
site and delivery of
systems
Kill the alien plants present and
materials for
seedlings which emerge, and
construction
establish alternative plant cover. The
Movement of
control of AIS at the site should
personnel and
commence prior to construction.
vehicles on and off Spread of alien invasive
Prevent AIS from establishing, detect
site and delivery of species in wetland
AIS that do establish early, eradicate
systems
materials for
AIS that establish or control
mining operation
population is eradication is not
and maintenance
feasible. Develop and implement a
Movement of
detailed AIS eradication and
personnel and
monitoring plan.
Spread of alien invasive
vehicles on and off
species in wetland
site and delivery of
systems
materials for
rehabilitation
Impacts on Soils, land capability and agricultural potential
AGES Gauteng
-169-
Time
Frame
Throughout all project phases
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Performance indicator
As per the alien-invasive
plants management
procedure to be compiled
as part of the mine's
procedures and
guidelines.
Monitoring
and
reporting
Mine
environment
al manager.
Cost
Biodiversity
Monitoring as
per Mine
Closure and
Rehabilitation
– Appendix 3.
Regular heavy
vehicle movement
for rehabilitation
activities
Soil Compaction
Vegetation
clearance, mine
construction and
activities leaving
soil exposed
Soil erosion
Hardened surfaces,
slopes of stockpiles
and WRD
Soil erosion
9.3
9.4
9.5
AGES Gauteng
-170-
Constructio
n
Soil Compaction
9.2
Regular heavy
vehicle movement,
and laydown areas
during mining
Soil Compaction
Mitigation
Only handle soils when dry to reduce
compaction risk; Strip vegetation
with topsoil; Avoid soils with risk of
compaction wherever possible.
Unnecessary driving around or
bulldozing natural habitat must not
take place. Stick to haul roads. Use
existing roads and tracks as far as
possible. Rip and/or scarify
compacted areas on a continuous
basis. Do not rip and/or scarify areas
under wet conditions. Sample and
analyse soil prior to rehabilitation.
Under advisement from a suitably
qualified restoration ecologist,
supplemental fertilisation may be
necessary.
Schedule topsoil stripping and
excavation in the dry season if
possible; Schedule clearance &
excavation concurrently with
construction & rehabilitation; keep
exposed surfaces at a minimum.
Cover disturbed soils; Avoid gully
formation by runoff; Install sediment
control devices. Control dust using
water-sprayers or chemical dust
suppressants; Institute storm water
Operation
Impact
Closure
9.1
Activity/Aspect
Regular heavy
vehicle movement,
and laydown areas
for construction
Time
Frame
Construction
No
Environmental Impact Study
All phases
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Performance indicator
Monitoring
and
reporting
Cost
Minimal compacted soils.
No impacts beyond
development footprint.
Existing facilities are used
where possible. Soil
quality prior to
rehabilitation is
acceptable.
Ensure that Geotechnical
specialist is appointed to
advise, especially on
stability and
rehabilitation of the
subsistence zone.
Mine
environment
al manager.
-
Minimal exposed
surfaces; no visible
erosion or gully
formation; susceptible
areas are protected from
erosion; vegetative cover
is adequate.
Mine
environment
al manager.
-
Activity/Aspect
Impact
General
rehabilitation
activities
Soil erosion
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
Construction
vehicles
contributing to oil
and fuel spillages,
building waste,
batching plants,
sewage and
domestic waste
Construction
vehicles
contributing to oil
and fuel spillages,
building waste,
batching plants,
sewage and
domestic waste
Oil and fuel
leakages from
vehicles and
machinery for
rehabilitation
AGES Gauteng
Soil pollution
Soil pollution
Soil pollution
Mitigation
management plans (temporary and
permanent); Repair erosion damage
as soon as possible; Implement
erosion monitoring procedures; Revegetate disturbed areas as soon as
possible. Monitor vegetative cover
on stockpiles to maintain a high
basal cover. Conserve topsoil for use
in rehabilitation
Store hazardous chemicals in
impervious bunded area protected
from stormwater; Construct
refuelling stations to prevent
spillages, and implement measures
to contain and clean up accidental
spillages; Treat sewage in a suitable
plant or remove from site for
treatment elsewhere; Spill kits
should be on-hand to deal with spills
immediately and employees should
be trained in their use; Implement
procedures to deal with spillages or
leakages; Maintain stormwater
management system to ensure clean
and dirty water separation. Maintain
vehicles regularly to prevent
leakages. Conduct vehicle
maintenance in a designated facility
and use drip trays. Empty drip trays
into a holding tank and return to the
-171-
Time
Frame
Performance indicator
Monitoring
and
reporting
Cost
Closure and rehabilitation
No
Environmental Impact Study
Throughout all project phases
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
No visible leakages from
vehicles or machinery or
on the site. Appropriate
storage of hazardous
materials. Appropriate
maintenance and
refuelling facilities (no
spillages visible and
emergency response
procedures in place).
Mine
environment
al manager.
-
Activity/Aspect
Impact
Topsoil stripping
and mine
construction
Topsoil stripping
and mine
9.11 construction
Construction of
mine and
9.12 infrastructure
Soil destruction and
sterilization
Dumping of waste
rock, mining and
9.13 stockpiling
Loss of land capability
Loss of grazing
value due to lower
grazing capacity
after rehabilitation
Loss of land capability
9.
10
9.14
AGES Gauteng
Soil destruction and
sterilization
Loss of land capability
Mitigation
supplier.
Continually rehabilitate the soils to
the best possible state. Refer to the
specialist reports on soil
rehabilitation
Confine disturbance and clearing to
the footprint areas of the mine; Only
disturb small areas of land at a time.
Rehabilitation should take place on a
continuous basis where after the
land would become partially
available again as grazing. Once
mining activities have ceased,
disturbed areas should be
rehabilitated and the grazing
capacity restored as far as possible.
The rehabilitation of the soils and revegetation is discussed in the
specialist report.
-172-
Time
Frame
Performance indicator
Monitoring
and
reporting
Cost
Throughout all
project phases
No
Environmental Impact Study
Minimal areas disturbed.
Effective rehabilitation
and monitoring efficiency
of rehabilitation
Mine
environment
al manager
-
Throughout all project phases
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Post-closure monitoring
of the success of
rehabilitation of the area
to viable grazing land.
Mine
environment
al manager.
-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
10 DECOMMISSIONING AND REHABILITATION
The Mines and Minerals Development Act, 2008 (MMDA) provides in Section 116 that
(1) The conditions subject to which the mining right is granted or renewed shall include such
conditions as may be prescribed by the Minister, by statutory instrument, or as the Minister may,
in a particular case, otherwise determine, in relation to
(c) the rehabilitation, levelling, re grassing, re foresting or contouring of such part of the
land over which the right or licence has effect as may have been damaged or adversely affected
by prospecting operations, mining operations or mineral processing operations; and
(d) the filling in, sealing or fencing off of excavations, shafts and tunnels.
The Act also states (section 123) that the holder of a mining right shall be held liable for the cost of
remedial and rehabilitative measures in relation to the mining right area after cessation of mining activity.
The stipulations of the MMDA are in line with the IFC and World Bank Standards as well as other
international best practice requirements related to mining projects. It is thus essential that the proposed
development be designed with closure in mind and that financial provision for rehabilitation and closure of
the development be determined and planned for in order to ensure that the project leaves behind a
positive legacy.
To this end, a mine closure plan and estimate for financial provision was prepared by REDE Engineering
and Management Services (Pty) Ltd (REDE) dated September 2013. This report was based on the
information available at the time of the study and should be updated periodically throughout subsequent
project phases.
10.1 Closure plan objectives
The closure plan has aimed to:
•
rehabilitate all disturbed land to a state that is suitable for its post closure use;
•
ensure that affected areas are safe and secure for both human and animal activities;
•
ensure that the physical and chemical stability of the remaining structures are such that risk to the
environment through naturally occurring forces is eliminated;
•
rehabilitate all disturbed land to a state where limited or preferably no post closure management is
required;
•
rehabilitate all disturbed land to a state that facilitates compliance with current environmental
quality objectives (air and water quality); and
AGES Gauteng
-173-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
•
Environmental Impact Study
limit the impact on personnel whose positions may become redundant on decommissioning of the
mine
Based on the findings of the closure plan, it is recommended that the following actions be taken
immediately in order to ensure adherence to the closure plan objectives mentioned above:
•
A geotechnical investigation focussing on the determination of the stability of the subsistence
zone has to be conducted in order to define which rehabilitation options for the subsistence zone
could be feasible in order to meet the closure objectives;
•
All uncertainties must be resolved and included in the report as soon as the information becomes
available. These factors will have an influence on the final financial provision figures;
•
Progressive rehabilitation has been included in the closure plan and the mine must ensure that
provision for progressive rehabilitation is incorporated in the Project’s business-case.
10.2 Closure activities
The final rehabilitation, closure and aftercare plan will be associated with the following primary activities.
Where practical, some of these rehabilitation may occur during the operational phase of the mining
project. Wherever possible, progressive rehabilitation should be implemented:
•
Dismantling of the processing plant, administrative facilities, workshops and other buildings, which
will involve the removal of all equipment for salvage or re-sale. Items with no salvage value to the
mine, but which might have value to individuals will be sold. Any fixed assets that can be
profitably removed, will also be removed for salvage or resale. All remaining items will be treated
as waste and disposed of in a designated waste disposal area.
•
All rubble and waste from the dismantling of the processing plant will be disposed of in a
designated waste disposal area. This excludes any tailings or slurry dam materials;
•
All structures are to be demolished or dismantled, and foundations to be removed to a minimum
of 500 mm below the natural ground level. All excavations will be filled with 350 mm waste rock
from the stockpiled waste material and 150 mm topsoil. Terraced areas will be cut back to a
slope incline of no more than 18º; and the entire disturbed area will be ripped to a depth of
500 mm, covered with topsoil and vegetated.
•
Roads will be ripped, reshaped, covered with 150 mm topsoil and vegetated. Access portals to
decline shafts will be sealed with a double-layered reinforced brick wall with concrete foundation.
A 1Q thick reinforced concrete plug will be used to seal ventilation shafts. All structures and
ventilation equipment are to be demolished, with all terracing and foundations to be removed to a
minimum of 500 mm below the natural ground level. All excavation will be filled with 400 mm
waste rock and the entire rehabilitated area will be covered with 100 mm topsoil. This applies to
AGES Gauteng
-174-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
the area where the ventilation infrastructure has been removed. Any other disturbed areas will be
ripped to a depth of 500 mm, covered with 100 mm topsoil and vegetated.
•
The waste dumps will remain post-closure, but all dump slopes will be reshaped from 24°to an 18
° incline angle. Run-off control benches will be constructed on dump slopes at 35 m intervals to
prevent storm water damage on the dump slope;
•
The entire dump slope surface will be covered with a minimum of 100 mm topsoil and vegetated.
This will serve as both a rainwater penetration cover and a dust fallout prevention measure.
Paddocks will be constructed on the dump top surface to assist with evaporation and ensure the
prevention of rainwater overtopping;
•
Surface water diversions around the WRD footprint will be left in place during and post the mining
operations as part of the general operational mining infrastructure;
•
The TSF will remain post-closure, and if not constructed as such, the TSF walls will be reshaped
to a slope incline of 18°. Run-off control benches will be constructed at 25 m intervals to prevent
storm water damage on the dump slope;
•
The entire TSF wall surface will be covered with 100 mm topsoil and vegetated to serve as an
evaporative cover and prevent dust-fallout. Paddocks will be constructed on the top surface to
assist with evaporation and ensure the prevention of rainwater overtopping;
•
Surface water diversions around the TSF footprints will be left in place; and any associated
equipment will be removed and disposed of.
•
General surface rehabilitation will involve the reshaping of terraced land to a maximum 18°incline
angle and to resemble the natural topography. All disturbed areas not covered specifically in the
details of the closure and rehabilitation plan will at least be ripped to a depth of 500 mm, covered
with 150 mm topsoil and vegetated.
•
Fencing which has become redundant will be dismantled and removed for salvage. Where
fencing is to be installed for post-closure safety, dismantled fencing will be used first. All concrete
fence foundations will be demolished to 500 mm below original ground level. All fence lines are to
be ripped to a depth of 500 mm, covered with 150 mm topsoil and vegetated where required.
•
Water related infrastructure will remain post closure and be transferred to a suitable
authority/owner.
•
It is recommended that a geotechnical study be done to determine the stability of the depression
which will inform the rehabilitation of the cone of subsidence. Depending on the geotechnical
findings it is proposed that either:
o
AGES Gauteng
The area be fenced off and handled as an open pit, if considered too unstable to
-175-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
rehabilitate. The sustainability of a fence is not beyond a decade, therefore
o
A waste rock berm that would limit access by livestock such as cattle and especially
people should be developed around the depression. This is however expected to be
costly and needs to be assessed during feasibility phase. For example the waste rock
could be dumped closer to the area of depression in order to be available post-closure.
o
If stability allows standard rehabilitation measures could be implemented such as the
area being ripped, levelled, covered with topsoil and vegetated thereafter but it is
currently thought to be unlikely that stability would allow for this and further geotechnical
investigation is warranted. .
10.3 Financial Provision
Estimates of financial provision for closure and rehabilitation, including the calculation for an end of year 1
(‘lights-out’ scenario) as well as provision for concurrent rehabilitation has been developed and will be
refined as the project develops. Financial provision should be guaranteed and updated regularly (yearly)
to ensure the feasibility of effective rehabilitation of the site concurrently with mining, after closure of the
project, the rehabilitation of infrastructure and the post-closure maintenance and monitoring.
Please refer to Appendix 3-5 for a copy of the mine closure and rehabilitation plan and estimate of
financial provision. Kindly also refer to Appendix 5 which contains indicative costs related to the
recommended environmental monitoring
AGES Gauteng
-176-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
11 CONCLUSION
The purpose of this Report and the specialist studies associated therewith is to evaluate the existing socioeconomic and biophysical baseline environments of the proposed project site in order to determine the
potential environmental impacts of the proposed project on the receiving environment and to identify
possible mitigation measures which should form part of project implementation in order to ensure that the
identified potential environmental impacts are avoided or minimised to acceptable levels, and that potential
positive impacts are enhanced.
11.1 Regulatory summary and way forward
There are a number of regulatory requirements pertaining to environmental management to which the
proposed development will have to conform. Licenses and permits that have thus far been identified in
terms of environmental management legislation that are required in terms of the development of the
proposed project are:
•
Environmental Authorisation (ZEMA)
•
Mining Right (ZEMA and the MMDA)
•
Water Use Authorisation (ZEMA and the Water Board and/or WUA)
This report is the environmental impact statement compiled in accordance with the abovementioned
legislation and international best practice principles.
Additional authorisations may be required for project related infrastructure required off-site for the project
to continue, such as access road construction, power supply and water supply. Should it come to light that
Blackthorn would become the responsible party to construct or upgrade roads in the area (currently
planned by the Roads Development Agency) or provide electricity supply infrastructure (currently planned
by ZESCO), the need for additional environmental impact assessments and approvals will have to be
determined.
Two primary water supply options have been identified for the proposed project. Favourable groundwater
units were delineated towards the north of the project area and it is plausible that the project may source
the required make-up water demand (4 1177m3/d or 48 ℓ/s) from here through a network of boreholes and
associated pipe network to the project site. Alternatively it was investigated to abstract water from the
Kafue river and convey abstracted water to the site via a pipeline. No environmental fatal flaws have been
identified in this study, however, a number of factors have been identified which require further
investigation, consideration and/or incorporation into the current project design. These are discussed in
this report and the specialist reports appended hereto.
AGES Gauteng
-177-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
11.2 Conclusion
This EIS report was prepared by Africa Geo Environmental Services Gauteng (Pty) Ltd (AGES) and is
submitted to the Zambian Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) and other relevant authorities in
Zambia for consideration of the project and the relevant way forward from an environmental impact
management perspective.
This report is in support of applications for environmental authorization, water use permissions and a
mining right for the project on behalf of Blackthorn, and has been prepared in accordance with Zambian
law.
From an environmental management point of view, the finalization and submission of the EIS report
following additional consultation with relevant stakeholders, is the next step in the environmental permitting
and licensing aspect of the AGES scope of work. AGES will liaise with ZEMA in this regard should ZEMA
so require.
No fatal flaws have been identified in terms of environmental management considerations, a number of
follow-up and additional studies need to be conducted as part of future project phases have been
recommended in this report, and it is therefore recommended that the project progresses from an
environmental management point of view.
AGES Gauteng
-178-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
12 APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Consultations with ZEMA
Appendix 2: Public Participation
Appendix 3: Copies of Specialist Studies
Appendix 4: Details of the EIA Team
Appendix 5: Costs associated with monitoring and mitigation discussed in Section 9
AGES Gauteng
-179-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
13 REFERENCES
Aucamp, S. (2012). Proposed Kitumba Copper Mine: Social Baseline Study. Pretoria: Ptersa Environmental
Management Consultants.
Aucamp, S.-M. (2013). Proposed Kitumba Copper Mine: Social Impact Assessment. Pretoria: Ptersa
Environmental Management Consultants.
Central Statistical Office - Republic of Zambia. (February 2011). Zambia 2010 Census of Population and
Housing - Preliminary population figures. Lusaka: Republic of Zambia - Central Statistical Office.
Central Statistical Office. (2012). Inflation: The Revised Consumer Price Index records January 2012. The
Monthly, 106.
Central Statistical Office (CSO), Ministry of Health (MOH), Tropical Diseases Research Centre (TDRC),
University of Zambia, & Macro International Inc. (2009). Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2007.
Calverton, Maryland, USA: CSO and Macro International Inc. .
Chapman, K., & Walmsley, B. (2003). Zambia. In P. Tarr, Environmental impact assessment in southern
Africa - A SAIEA publication. Windhoek: Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment (SAIEA).
Cilliers, M., & Young, G. (June 2013). Visual Impact Assessment for the proposed Kitumba Copper-Gold
Project, Central Province, Zambia. Gauteng: Newtown Landscape Architects.
DEAT. (2004). Criteria for determining Alternatives in EIA, Integrated Environmental Management, Information
Series 11. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT).
Gerritsen, T. (19 June 2013). Kitumba Copper Project - Water Management. Ref: BR301-00458 M TLG13007.
Queensland: Knight Piesold Consulting.
Havenga, C. (June 2013). Traffic Impact Assessment: Kitumba Copper-Gold Project. Gauteng: Corli Havenga
Transportation Engineers.
Henning, B. (2012). Draft Environmental Baseline Report on the Soils, Agricultural Potential and Land
Capability for the proposed Kitumba Copper-Gold Project, Mumbwa District, Central Province, Zambia.
Polokwane: AGES.
Henning, B. (2012). Environmental Report on the Ecology (Flora and Fauna) and Wetlands for the proposed
Kitumba Copper-Gold Project, Central Province, Zambia. Polokwane: AGES.
Henning, B. J. (May 2013). An Environmental Specialist Report on the Biodiversity for the Proposed Kitumba
Copper-Gold Project, Mumbwa District, Central Province, Zambia. Gauteng: AGES.
Kruger, N. (2012). Baseline Heritage Study / Sensitivity Analysis: Kitumba Copper-Gold Project, Mumbwa
District, Central Province, Zambia. Gauteng: AGES.
AGES Gauteng
-180-
Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project
Environmental Impact Study
Kruger, N. (May 2013). Heritage Impact Assessment for the Kitumba Copper-Gold Project, Mumbwa District,
Central Province, Zambia. Gauteng: AGES .
Liebenberg-Enslin, H., & Gresse, N. (2013). Air Quality Impact Assessment for the proposed Kitumba CopperGold Project in Mumbwa District, Central Province, Zambia. Gauteng: Airshed Planning Professionals (Pty)
Ltd.
Lungu, J. (2009). The Politics of Reforming Zambia's Mining Tax Regime. Resource Insight(No 8), 1 - 27.
Minarco MineConsult. (2012). Blackthorn Resources Limited: Kitumba Copper Project, Zambia - Mine Scoping
Study.
Mndaweni, S., Vermeulen, D., & Rowland, A. (November 2009). BHP Billiton, Zambia Mumbwa Copper-Gold
Project Hydrogeological Investigation Mumbwa Water Supply. Rivonia: Knight Piesold Consulting.
Mostert, J., & Vivier, J. (2012). MSA Kitumba Copper Project: Geohydrological Baseline Study. Gauteng:
AGES.
Republic of Zambia, C. (2012, January). Selected Socio-Economic Indicators. The Monthly, 106, 15 - 23.
Robertson, M., Hall, M., & Gallant, L. (July 2012). JORC Competent Persons Report - Kitumba Mineral
Resource Estimate. The MSA Group.
Rowles, T. (18 June 2013). Kitumba Copper Project - Review of AGES Report G12-113-2013-05-23.
Queensland: Knight Piesold Consulting.
The World Bank. (2011, July). worldbank.org. Retrieved August 6, 2012, from The World Bank:
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTZAMBIA/Resources/copper-mining-summary-note(online-copy).pdf
Van Zyl, B. (May 2013). Kitumba Copper Project in the Mumbwa District, Central Province, Zambia: Noise
Study for Environmental Impact Assessment. Gauteng: Acusolv.
Vivier, J., & Mostert, F. (June 2013). Hydro-Geological Impact Assessment for the proposed Kitumba Copper
Project. Gauteng: AGES Gauteng Pty Ltd.
Walmsley, B., & Tshipala, K. E. (2007). Handbook on Environmental Assessment Legislation in the SADC
Region. Midrand: The Development Bank of South Africa in collaboration with the South African Institute for
Environmental Assessment.
AGES Gauteng
-181-